./browse/prompts

# Narrative Control Prompt: Exhaustive System Architecture & Feature Reverse-Engineering You are an **Expert Enterprise Architect, Product Director, and Lead Engineer**. Your goal is to thoroughly analyze the provided documentation to architect a full-scale, competitive enterprise application. You must deconstruct the feature described in the content into **extensive, granular technical specifications** across multiple engineering disciplines. **CRITICAL INSTRUCTIONS**: - **DO NOT SUMMARIZE**. Be exhaustive. - For every category below, aim to list **10+ specific items** if possible. - Brainstorm every possible implication, edge case, and requirement derived from or inspired by the text. - If the text mentions a "search" feature, break it down into: Indexing, Query Parsing, UI Widgets, Highlighting, Filtering, Sort Logic, Caching, etc. Please output the analysis in the following Markdown format: # 1. Product Strategy & Scope * **Feature Name**: * **Core Value Proposition**: [Deep dive into why this exists] * **User Personas**: [List as many as applicable: e.g. Admin, Power User, Viewer, Auditor, API Consumer...] * **User Stories**: [Extensive list of 10+ granular user stories e.g. "As a User, I want to..."] * **Competitive Differentiators**: [What makes this specific implementation valuable?] # 2. Design & User Experience (UX/UI) * **Key Interface Components**: [List 10+ atoms/molecules: e.g. Data Grid, Filter Chips, Modals, Tooltips, Empty States, Toasts, Dropdowns...] * **Interaction Patterns**: [List 10+ patterns: e.g. Drag-and-drop, Double-click to edit, Hover states, Keyboard shortcuts, Infinite scroll...] * **Visual States**: [List all states: Loading, Success, Error, Warning, Partial Data, Offline...] * **Accessibility (a11y)**: [List 10+ checks: Contrast, ARIA labels, Focus management, Screen reader support, Resizing...] # 3. Frontend Engineering * **State Management**: [List 10+ state atoms: Upload progress %, Selected ID list, Sort order, Filter criteria, Current user permissions...] * **API Interactions**: [List 10+ potential endpoints: GET/POST/PUT/DELETE for main entities, Lookups, Search, Validation...] * **Component Architecture**: [List 10+ React/Vue components: Container, Presentation, Utility wrappers, HoC...] * **Client-Side Logic**: [Validation rules, Formatting (Dates/Currency), Debouncing, Caching...] # 4. Backend Engineering * **Data Models**: [List 10+ fields/entities: Table structure, Foreign keys, Indexes, JSONB fields, Audit columns...] * **API Specification**: [Detailed endpoint contract: Header requirements, Query params, Body schema, Error codes...] * **Business Logic**: [List 10+ rules: Permission checks, Data transformation, Workflows, Triggers, Notifications...] * **Security & Permissions**: [List 10+ checks: RBAC roles, Field-level security, API Rate limiting, CSRF protection...] # 5. Infrastructure & DevOps * **Storage Requirements**: [S3 buckets, Database types (SQL/NoSQL), Redis for cache, CDNs...] * **Compute Needs**: [Async workers, Scheduled cron jobs, Serverless functions, Container specs...] * **Background Jobs**: [List 10+ potential jobs: Email sending, File conversion, Indexing, Cleanup, Analytics aggregation...] * **Observability**: [Metrics to track: API latency, Error rates, Disk usage, Active users...] # 6. Quality Assurance (QA) * **Test Scenarios**: [List 10+ happy path scenarios] * **Edge Cases**: [List 10+ negative/edge cases: Network fail, Giant files, Concurrent edits, Invalid chars...] * **Performance Metrics**: [Specific SLAs: <200ms API, <1s Page load, 99.9% Uptime...] * **Security Testing**: [Pen-test vectors: XSS injection input, SQL injection, IDOR...] # 7. Documentation & Onboarding * **User Guides Needed**: [List 10+ articles to write based on this feature] * **Contextual Help**: [List 10+ places for Tooltips, Tours, Helper text...] * **API Documentation**: [Swagger/OpenAPI requirements] # 8. Implementation Roadmap * **Phase 1 (MVP)**: [List 10+ must-have tasks] * **Phase 2 (Enhanced)**: [List 10+ nice-to-have features] * **Phase 3 (Scale)**: [Optimization and enterprise hardening] --- **Context**: The content below is raw markdown from a help guide.

# Narrative Control Prompt: Exhaustive System Architecture & Feature Reverse-Engineering You are an **Expert Enterprise Architect, Product Director, and Lead Engineer**. Your goal is to thoroughly analyze the provided documentation to architect a full-scale, competitive enterprise application. You must deconstruct the feature described in the content into **extensive, granular technical specifications** across multiple engineering disciplines. **CRITICAL INSTRUCTIONS**: - **DO NOT SUMMARIZE**. Be exhaustive. - For every category below, aim to list **10+ specific items** if possible. - Brainstorm every possible implication, edge case, and requirement derived from or inspired by the text. - If the text mentions a "search" feature, break it down into: Indexing, Query Parsing, UI Widgets, Highlighting, Filtering, Sort Logic, Caching, etc. Please output the analysis in the following Markdown format: # 1. Product Strategy & Scope * **Feature Name**: * **Core Value Proposition**: [Deep dive into why this exists] * **User Personas**: [List as many as applicable: e.g. Admin, Power User, Viewer, Auditor, API Consumer...] * **User Stories**: [Extensive list of 10+ granular user stories e.g. "As a User, I want to..."] * **Competitive Differentiators**: [What makes this specific implementation valuable?] # 2. Design & User Experience (UX/UI) * **Key Interface Components**: [List 10+ atoms/molecules: e.g. Data Grid, Filter Chips, Modals, Tooltips, Empty States, Toasts, Dropdowns...] * **Interaction Patterns**: [List 10+ patterns: e.g. Drag-and-drop, Double-click to edit, Hover states, Keyboard shortcuts, Infinite scroll...] * **Visual States**: [List all states: Loading, Success, Error, Warning, Partial Data, Offline...] * **Accessibility (a11y)**: [List 10+ checks: Contrast, ARIA labels, Focus management, Screen reader support, Resizing...] # 3. Frontend Engineering * **State Management**: [List 10+ state atoms: Upload progress %, Selected ID list, Sort order, Filter criteria, Current user permissions...] * **API Interactions**: [List 10+ potential endpoints: GET/POST/PUT/DELETE for main entities, Lookups, Search, Validation...] * **Component Architecture**: [List 10+ React/Vue components: Container, Presentation, Utility wrappers, HoC...] * **Client-Side Logic**: [Validation rules, Formatting (Dates/Currency), Debouncing, Caching...] # 4. Backend Engineering * **Data Models**: [List 10+ fields/entities: Table structure, Foreign keys, Indexes, JSONB fields, Audit columns...] * **API Specification**: [Detailed endpoint contract: Header requirements, Query params, Body schema, Error codes...] * **Business Logic**: [List 10+ rules: Permission checks, Data transformation, Workflows, Triggers, Notifications...] * **Security & Permissions**: [List 10+ checks: RBAC roles, Field-level security, API Rate limiting, CSRF protection...] # 5. Infrastructure & DevOps * **Storage Requirements**: [S3 buckets, Database types (SQL/NoSQL), Redis for cache, CDNs...] * **Compute Needs**: [Async workers, Scheduled cron jobs, Serverless functions, Container specs...] * **Background Jobs**: [List 10+ potential jobs: Email sending, File conversion, Indexing, Cleanup, Analytics aggregation...] * **Observability**: [Metrics to track: API latency, Error rates, Disk usage, Active users...] # 6. Quality Assurance (QA) * **Test Scenarios**: [List 10+ happy path scenarios] * **Edge Cases**: [List 10+ negative/edge cases: Network fail, Giant files, Concurrent edits, Invalid chars...] * **Performance Metrics**: [Specific SLAs: <200ms API, <1s Page load, 99.9% Uptime...] * **Security Testing**: [Pen-test vectors: XSS injection input, SQL injection, IDOR...] # 7. Documentation & Onboarding * **User Guides Needed**: [List 10+ articles to write based on this feature] * **Contextual Help**: [List 10+ places for Tooltips, Tours, Helper text...] * **API Documentation**: [Swagger/OpenAPI requirements] # 8. Implementation Roadmap * **Phase 1 (MVP)**: [List 10+ must-have tasks] * **Phase 2 (Enhanced)**: [List 10+ nice-to-have features] * **Phase 3 (Scale)**: [Optimization and enterprise hardening] --- **Context**: The content below is raw markdown from a help guide.

# GitHub Actions Templates Production-ready GitHub Actions workflow patterns for testing, building, and deploying applications. ## Purpose Create efficient, secure GitHub Actions workflows for continuous integration and deployment across various tech stacks. ## When to Use - Automate testing and deployment - Build Docker images and push to registries - Deploy to Kubernetes clusters - Run security scans - Implement matrix builds for multiple environments ## Common Workflow Patterns ### Pattern 1: Test Workflow ```yaml name: Test on: push: branches: [main, develop] pull_request: branches: [main] jobs: test: runs-on: ubuntu-latest strategy: matrix: node-version: [18.x, 20.x] steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }} uses: actions/setup-node@v4 with: node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }} cache: "npm" - name: Install dependencies run: npm ci - name: Run linter run: npm run lint - name: Run tests run: npm test - name: Upload coverage uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3 with: files: ./coverage/lcov.info ``` **Reference:** See `assets/test-workflow.yml` ### Pattern 2: Build and Push Docker Image ```yaml name: Build and Push on: push: branches: [main] tags: ["v*"] env: REGISTRY: ghcr.io IMAGE_NAME: ${{ github.repository }} jobs: build: runs-on: ubuntu-latest permissions: contents: read packages: write steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Log in to Container Registry uses: docker/login-action@v3 with: registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }} username: ${{ github.actor }} password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} - name: Extract metadata id: meta uses: docker/metadata-action@v5 with: images: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }} tags: | type=ref,event=branch type=ref,event=pr type=semver,pattern={{version}} type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}} - name: Build and push uses: docker/build-push-action@v5 with: context: . push: true tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }} labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }} cache-from: type=gha cache-to: type=gha,mode=max ``` **Reference:** See `assets/deploy-workflow.yml` ### Pattern 3: Deploy to Kubernetes ```yaml name: Deploy to Kubernetes on: push: branches: [main] jobs: deploy: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Configure AWS credentials uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4 with: aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }} aws-secret-access-key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }} aws-region: us-west-2 - name: Update kubeconfig run: | aws eks update-kubeconfig --name production-cluster --region us-west-2 - name: Deploy to Kubernetes run: | kubectl apply -f k8s/ kubectl rollout status deployment/my-app -n production kubectl get services -n production - name: Verify deployment run: | kubectl get pods -n production kubectl describe deployment my-app -n production ``` ### Pattern 4: Matrix Build ```yaml name: Matrix Build on: [push, pull_request] jobs: build: runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }} strategy: matrix: os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest] python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"] steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Set up Python uses: actions/setup-python@v5 with: python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }} - name: Install dependencies run: | python -m pip install --upgrade pip pip install -r requirements.txt - name: Run tests run: pytest ``` **Reference:** See `assets/matrix-build.yml` ## Workflow Best Practices 1. **Use specific action versions** (@v4, not @latest) 2. **Cache dependencies** to speed up builds 3. **Use secrets** for sensitive data 4. **Implement status checks** on PRs 5. **Use matrix builds** for multi-version testing 6. **Set appropriate permissions** 7. **Use reusable workflows** for common patterns 8. **Implement approval gates** for production 9. **Add notification steps** for failures 10. **Use self-hosted runners** for sensitive workloads ## Reusable Workflows ```yaml # .github/workflows/reusable-test.yml name: Reusable Test Workflow on: workflow_call: inputs: node-version: required: true type: string secrets: NPM_TOKEN: required: true jobs: test: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - uses: actions/setup-node@v4 with: node-version: ${{ inputs.node-version }} - run: npm ci - run: npm test ``` **Use reusable workflow:** ```yaml jobs: call-test: uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml with: node-version: "20.x" secrets: NPM_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }} ``` ## Security Scanning ```yaml name: Security Scan on: push: branches: [main] pull_request: branches: [main] jobs: security: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Run Trivy vulnerability scanner uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master with: scan-type: "fs" scan-ref: "." format: "sarif" output: "trivy-results.sarif" - name: Upload Trivy results to GitHub Security uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v2 with: sarif_file: "trivy-results.sarif" - name: Run Snyk Security Scan uses: snyk/actions/node@master env: SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }} ``` ## Deployment with Approvals ```yaml name: Deploy to Production on: push: tags: ["v*"] jobs: deploy: runs-on: ubuntu-latest environment: name: production url: https://app.example.com steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Deploy application run: | echo "Deploying to production..." # Deployment commands here - name: Notify Slack if: success() uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1 with: webhook-url: ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK }} payload: | { "text": "Deployment to production completed successfully!" } ``` ## Reference Files - `assets/test-workflow.yml` - Testing workflow template - `assets/deploy-workflow.yml` - Deployment workflow template - `assets/matrix-build.yml` - Matrix build template - `references/common-workflows.md` - Common workflow patterns ## Related Skills - `gitlab-ci-patterns` - For GitLab CI workflows - `deployment-pipeline-design` - For pipeline architecture - `secrets-management` - For secrets handling

# GitLab CI Patterns Comprehensive GitLab CI/CD pipeline patterns for automated testing, building, and deployment. ## Purpose Create efficient GitLab CI pipelines with proper stage organization, caching, and deployment strategies. ## When to Use - Automate GitLab-based CI/CD - Implement multi-stage pipelines - Configure GitLab Runners - Deploy to Kubernetes from GitLab - Implement GitOps workflows ## Basic Pipeline Structure ```yaml stages: - build - test - deploy variables: DOCKER_DRIVER: overlay2 DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: "/certs" build: stage: build image: node:20 script: - npm ci - npm run build artifacts: paths: - dist/ expire_in: 1 hour cache: key: ${CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG} paths: - node_modules/ test: stage: test image: node:20 script: - npm ci - npm run lint - npm test coverage: '/Lines\s*:\s*(\d+\.\d+)%/' artifacts: reports: coverage_report: coverage_format: cobertura path: coverage/cobertura-coverage.xml deploy: stage: deploy image: bitnami/kubectl:latest script: - kubectl apply -f k8s/ - kubectl rollout status deployment/my-app only: - main environment: name: production url: https://app.example.com ``` ## Docker Build and Push ```yaml build-docker: stage: build image: docker:24 services: - docker:24-dind before_script: - docker login -u $CI_REGISTRY_USER -p $CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD $CI_REGISTRY script: - docker build -t $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_SHA . - docker build -t $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:latest . - docker push $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_SHA - docker push $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:latest only: - main - tags ``` ## Multi-Environment Deployment ```yaml .deploy_template: &deploy_template image: bitnami/kubectl:latest before_script: - kubectl config set-cluster k8s --server="$KUBE_URL" --insecure-skip-tls-verify=true - kubectl config set-credentials admin --token="$KUBE_TOKEN" - kubectl config set-context default --cluster=k8s --user=admin - kubectl config use-context default deploy:staging: <<: *deploy_template stage: deploy script: - kubectl apply -f k8s/ -n staging - kubectl rollout status deployment/my-app -n staging environment: name: staging url: https://staging.example.com only: - develop deploy:production: <<: *deploy_template stage: deploy script: - kubectl apply -f k8s/ -n production - kubectl rollout status deployment/my-app -n production environment: name: production url: https://app.example.com when: manual only: - main ``` ## Terraform Pipeline ```yaml stages: - validate - plan - apply variables: TF_ROOT: ${CI_PROJECT_DIR}/terraform TF_VERSION: "1.6.0" before_script: - cd ${TF_ROOT} - terraform --version validate: stage: validate image: hashicorp/terraform:${TF_VERSION} script: - terraform init -backend=false - terraform validate - terraform fmt -check plan: stage: plan image: hashicorp/terraform:${TF_VERSION} script: - terraform init - terraform plan -out=tfplan artifacts: paths: - ${TF_ROOT}/tfplan expire_in: 1 day apply: stage: apply image: hashicorp/terraform:${TF_VERSION} script: - terraform init - terraform apply -auto-approve tfplan dependencies: - plan when: manual only: - main ``` ## Security Scanning ```yaml include: - template: Security/SAST.gitlab-ci.yml - template: Security/Dependency-Scanning.gitlab-ci.yml - template: Security/Container-Scanning.gitlab-ci.yml trivy-scan: stage: test image: aquasec/trivy:latest script: - trivy image --exit-code 1 --severity HIGH,CRITICAL $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_SHA allow_failure: true ``` ## Caching Strategies ```yaml # Cache node_modules build: cache: key: ${CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG} paths: - node_modules/ policy: pull-push # Global cache cache: key: ${CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG} paths: - .cache/ - vendor/ # Separate cache per job job1: cache: key: job1-cache paths: - build/ job2: cache: key: job2-cache paths: - dist/ ``` ## Dynamic Child Pipelines ```yaml generate-pipeline: stage: build script: - python generate_pipeline.py > child-pipeline.yml artifacts: paths: - child-pipeline.yml trigger-child: stage: deploy trigger: include: - artifact: child-pipeline.yml job: generate-pipeline strategy: depend ``` ## Reference Files - `assets/gitlab-ci.yml.template` - Complete pipeline template - `references/pipeline-stages.md` - Stage organization patterns ## Best Practices 1. **Use specific image tags** (node:20, not node:latest) 2. **Cache dependencies** appropriately 3. **Use artifacts** for build outputs 4. **Implement manual gates** for production 5. **Use environments** for deployment tracking 6. **Enable merge request pipelines** 7. **Use pipeline schedules** for recurring jobs 8. **Implement security scanning** 9. **Use CI/CD variables** for secrets 10. **Monitor pipeline performance** ## Related Skills - `github-actions-templates` - For GitHub Actions - `deployment-pipeline-design` - For architecture - `secrets-management` - For secrets handling

# Secrets Management Secure secrets management practices for CI/CD pipelines using Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, and other tools. ## Purpose Implement secure secrets management in CI/CD pipelines without hardcoding sensitive information. ## When to Use - Store API keys and credentials - Manage database passwords - Handle TLS certificates - Rotate secrets automatically - Implement least-privilege access ## Secrets Management Tools ### HashiCorp Vault - Centralized secrets management - Dynamic secrets generation - Secret rotation - Audit logging - Fine-grained access control ### AWS Secrets Manager - AWS-native solution - Automatic rotation - Integration with RDS - CloudFormation support ### Azure Key Vault - Azure-native solution - HSM-backed keys - Certificate management - RBAC integration ### Google Secret Manager - GCP-native solution - Versioning - IAM integration ## HashiCorp Vault Integration ### Setup Vault ```bash # Start Vault dev server vault server -dev # Set environment export VAULT_ADDR='http://127.0.0.1:8200' export VAULT_TOKEN='root' # Enable secrets engine vault secrets enable -path=secret kv-v2 # Store secret vault kv put secret/database/config username=admin password=secret ``` ### GitHub Actions with Vault ```yaml name: Deploy with Vault Secrets on: [push] jobs: deploy: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Import Secrets from Vault uses: hashicorp/vault-action@v2 with: url: https://vault.example.com:8200 token: ${{ secrets.VAULT_TOKEN }} secrets: | secret/data/database username | DB_USERNAME ; secret/data/database password | DB_PASSWORD ; secret/data/api key | API_KEY - name: Use secrets run: | echo "Connecting to database as $DB_USERNAME" # Use $DB_PASSWORD, $API_KEY ``` ### GitLab CI with Vault ```yaml deploy: image: vault:latest before_script: - export VAULT_ADDR=https://vault.example.com:8200 - export VAULT_TOKEN=$VAULT_TOKEN - apk add curl jq script: - | DB_PASSWORD=$(vault kv get -field=password secret/database/config) API_KEY=$(vault kv get -field=key secret/api/credentials) echo "Deploying with secrets..." # Use $DB_PASSWORD, $API_KEY ``` **Reference:** See `references/vault-setup.md` ## AWS Secrets Manager ### Store Secret ```bash aws secretsmanager create-secret \ --name production/database/password \ --secret-string "super-secret-password" ``` ### Retrieve in GitHub Actions ```yaml - name: Configure AWS credentials uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4 with: aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }} aws-secret-access-key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }} aws-region: us-west-2 - name: Get secret from AWS run: | SECRET=$(aws secretsmanager get-secret-value \ --secret-id production/database/password \ --query SecretString \ --output text) echo "::add-mask::$SECRET" echo "DB_PASSWORD=$SECRET" >> $GITHUB_ENV - name: Use secret run: | # Use $DB_PASSWORD ./deploy.sh ``` ### Terraform with AWS Secrets Manager ```hcl data "aws_secretsmanager_secret_version" "db_password" { secret_id = "production/database/password" } resource "aws_db_instance" "main" { allocated_storage = 100 engine = "postgres" instance_class = "db.t3.large" username = "admin" password = jsondecode(data.aws_secretsmanager_secret_version.db_password.secret_string)["password"] } ``` ## GitHub Secrets ### Organization/Repository Secrets ```yaml - name: Use GitHub secret run: | echo "API Key: ${{ secrets.API_KEY }}" echo "Database URL: ${{ secrets.DATABASE_URL }}" ``` ### Environment Secrets ```yaml deploy: runs-on: ubuntu-latest environment: production steps: - name: Deploy run: | echo "Deploying with ${{ secrets.PROD_API_KEY }}" ``` **Reference:** See `references/github-secrets.md` ## GitLab CI/CD Variables ### Project Variables ```yaml deploy: script: - echo "Deploying with $API_KEY" - echo "Database: $DATABASE_URL" ``` ### Protected and Masked Variables - Protected: Only available in protected branches - Masked: Hidden in job logs - File type: Stored as file ## Best Practices 1. **Never commit secrets** to Git 2. **Use different secrets** per environment 3. **Rotate secrets regularly** 4. **Implement least-privilege access** 5. **Enable audit logging** 6. **Use secret scanning** (GitGuardian, TruffleHog) 7. **Mask secrets in logs** 8. **Encrypt secrets at rest** 9. **Use short-lived tokens** when possible 10. **Document secret requirements** ## Secret Rotation ### Automated Rotation with AWS ```python import boto3 import json def lambda_handler(event, context): client = boto3.client('secretsmanager') # Get current secret response = client.get_secret_value(SecretId='my-secret') current_secret = json.loads(response['SecretString']) # Generate new password new_password = generate_strong_password() # Update database password update_database_password(new_password) # Update secret client.put_secret_value( SecretId='my-secret', SecretString=json.dumps({ 'username': current_secret['username'], 'password': new_password }) ) return {'statusCode': 200} ``` ### Manual Rotation Process 1. Generate new secret 2. Update secret in secret store 3. Update applications to use new secret 4. Verify functionality 5. Revoke old secret ## External Secrets Operator ### Kubernetes Integration ```yaml apiVersion: external-secrets.io/v1beta1 kind: SecretStore metadata: name: vault-backend namespace: production spec: provider: vault: server: "https://vault.example.com:8200" path: "secret" version: "v2" auth: kubernetes: mountPath: "kubernetes" role: "production" --- apiVersion: external-secrets.io/v1beta1 kind: ExternalSecret metadata: name: database-credentials namespace: production spec: refreshInterval: 1h secretStoreRef: name: vault-backend kind: SecretStore target: name: database-credentials creationPolicy: Owner data: - secretKey: username remoteRef: key: database/config property: username - secretKey: password remoteRef: key: database/config property: password ``` ## Secret Scanning ### Pre-commit Hook ```bash #!/bin/bash # .git/hooks/pre-commit # Check for secrets with TruffleHog docker run --rm -v "$(pwd):/repo" \ trufflesecurity/trufflehog:latest \ filesystem --directory=/repo if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then echo "❌ Secret detected! Commit blocked." exit 1 fi ``` ### CI/CD Secret Scanning ```yaml secret-scan: stage: security image: trufflesecurity/trufflehog:latest script: - trufflehog filesystem . allow_failure: false ``` ## Reference Files - `references/vault-setup.md` - HashiCorp Vault configuration - `references/github-secrets.md` - GitHub Secrets best practices ## Related Skills - `github-actions-templates` - For GitHub Actions integration - `gitlab-ci-patterns` - For GitLab CI integration - `deployment-pipeline-design` - For pipeline architecture

# Cloud Cost Optimization Strategies and patterns for optimizing cloud costs across AWS, Azure, and GCP. ## Purpose Implement systematic cost optimization strategies to reduce cloud spending while maintaining performance and reliability. ## When to Use - Reduce cloud spending - Right-size resources - Implement cost governance - Optimize multi-cloud costs - Meet budget constraints ## Cost Optimization Framework ### 1. Visibility - Implement cost allocation tags - Use cloud cost management tools - Set up budget alerts - Create cost dashboards ### 2. Right-Sizing - Analyze resource utilization - Downsize over-provisioned resources - Use auto-scaling - Remove idle resources ### 3. Pricing Models - Use reserved capacity - Leverage spot/preemptible instances - Implement savings plans - Use committed use discounts ### 4. Architecture Optimization - Use managed services - Implement caching - Optimize data transfer - Use lifecycle policies ## AWS Cost Optimization ### Reserved Instances ``` Savings: 30-72% vs On-Demand Term: 1 or 3 years Payment: All/Partial/No upfront Flexibility: Standard or Convertible ``` ### Savings Plans ``` Compute Savings Plans: 66% savings EC2 Instance Savings Plans: 72% savings Applies to: EC2, Fargate, Lambda Flexible across: Instance families, regions, OS ``` ### Spot Instances ``` Savings: Up to 90% vs On-Demand Best for: Batch jobs, CI/CD, stateless workloads Risk: 2-minute interruption notice Strategy: Mix with On-Demand for resilience ``` ### S3 Cost Optimization ```hcl resource "aws_s3_bucket_lifecycle_configuration" "example" { bucket = aws_s3_bucket.example.id rule { id = "transition-to-ia" status = "Enabled" transition { days = 30 storage_class = "STANDARD_IA" } transition { days = 90 storage_class = "GLACIER" } expiration { days = 365 } } } ``` ## Azure Cost Optimization ### Reserved VM Instances - 1 or 3 year terms - Up to 72% savings - Flexible sizing - Exchangeable ### Azure Hybrid Benefit - Use existing Windows Server licenses - Up to 80% savings with RI - Available for Windows and SQL Server ### Azure Advisor Recommendations - Right-size VMs - Delete unused resources - Use reserved capacity - Optimize storage ## GCP Cost Optimization ### Committed Use Discounts - 1 or 3 year commitment - Up to 57% savings - Applies to vCPUs and memory - Resource-based or spend-based ### Sustained Use Discounts - Automatic discounts - Up to 30% for running instances - No commitment required - Applies to Compute Engine, GKE ### Preemptible VMs - Up to 80% savings - 24-hour maximum runtime - Best for batch workloads ## Tagging Strategy ### AWS Tagging ```hcl locals { common_tags = { Environment = "production" Project = "my-project" CostCenter = "engineering" Owner = "team@example.com" ManagedBy = "terraform" } } resource "aws_instance" "example" { ami = "ami-12345678" instance_type = "t3.medium" tags = merge( local.common_tags, { Name = "web-server" } ) } ``` **Reference:** See `references/tagging-standards.md` ## Cost Monitoring ### Budget Alerts ```hcl # AWS Budget resource "aws_budgets_budget" "monthly" { name = "monthly-budget" budget_type = "COST" limit_amount = "1000" limit_unit = "USD" time_period_start = "2024-01-01_00:00" time_unit = "MONTHLY" notification { comparison_operator = "GREATER_THAN" threshold = 80 threshold_type = "PERCENTAGE" notification_type = "ACTUAL" subscriber_email_addresses = ["team@example.com"] } } ``` ### Cost Anomaly Detection - AWS Cost Anomaly Detection - Azure Cost Management alerts - GCP Budget alerts ## Architecture Patterns ### Pattern 1: Serverless First - Use Lambda/Functions for event-driven - Pay only for execution time - Auto-scaling included - No idle costs ### Pattern 2: Right-Sized Databases ``` Development: t3.small RDS Staging: t3.large RDS Production: r6g.2xlarge RDS with read replicas ``` ### Pattern 3: Multi-Tier Storage ``` Hot data: S3 Standard Warm data: S3 Standard-IA (30 days) Cold data: S3 Glacier (90 days) Archive: S3 Deep Archive (365 days) ``` ### Pattern 4: Auto-Scaling ```hcl resource "aws_autoscaling_policy" "scale_up" { name = "scale-up" scaling_adjustment = 2 adjustment_type = "ChangeInCapacity" cooldown = 300 autoscaling_group_name = aws_autoscaling_group.main.name } resource "aws_cloudwatch_metric_alarm" "cpu_high" { alarm_name = "cpu-high" comparison_operator = "GreaterThanThreshold" evaluation_periods = "2" metric_name = "CPUUtilization" namespace = "AWS/EC2" period = "60" statistic = "Average" threshold = "80" alarm_actions = [aws_autoscaling_policy.scale_up.arn] } ``` ## Cost Optimization Checklist - [ ] Implement cost allocation tags - [ ] Delete unused resources (EBS, EIPs, snapshots) - [ ] Right-size instances based on utilization - [ ] Use reserved capacity for steady workloads - [ ] Implement auto-scaling - [ ] Optimize storage classes - [ ] Use lifecycle policies - [ ] Enable cost anomaly detection - [ ] Set budget alerts - [ ] Review costs weekly - [ ] Use spot/preemptible instances - [ ] Optimize data transfer costs - [ ] Implement caching layers - [ ] Use managed services - [ ] Monitor and optimize continuously ## Tools - **AWS:** Cost Explorer, Cost Anomaly Detection, Compute Optimizer - **Azure:** Cost Management, Advisor - **GCP:** Cost Management, Recommender - **Multi-cloud:** CloudHealth, Cloudability, Kubecost ## Reference Files - `references/tagging-standards.md` - Tagging conventions - `assets/cost-analysis-template.xlsx` - Cost analysis spreadsheet ## Related Skills - `terraform-module-library` - For resource provisioning - `multi-cloud-architecture` - For cloud selection

# Service Mesh Observability Complete guide to observability patterns for Istio, Linkerd, and service mesh deployments. ## When to Use This Skill - Setting up distributed tracing across services - Implementing service mesh metrics and dashboards - Debugging latency and error issues - Defining SLOs for service communication - Visualizing service dependencies - Troubleshooting mesh connectivity ## Core Concepts ### 1. Three Pillars of Observability ``` ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Observability │ ├─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┤ │ Metrics │ Traces │ Logs │ │ │ │ │ │ • Request rate │ • Span context │ • Access logs │ │ • Error rate │ • Latency │ • Error details │ │ • Latency P50 │ • Dependencies │ • Debug info │ │ • Saturation │ • Bottlenecks │ • Audit trail │ └─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘ ``` ### 2. Golden Signals for Mesh | Signal | Description | Alert Threshold | | -------------- | ------------------------- | ----------------- | | **Latency** | Request duration P50, P99 | P99 > 500ms | | **Traffic** | Requests per second | Anomaly detection | | **Errors** | 5xx error rate | > 1% | | **Saturation** | Resource utilization | > 80% | ## Templates ### Template 1: Istio with Prometheus & Grafana ```yaml # Install Prometheus apiVersion: v1 kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: prometheus namespace: istio-system data: prometheus.yml: | global: scrape_interval: 15s scrape_configs: - job_name: 'istio-mesh' kubernetes_sd_configs: - role: endpoints namespaces: names: - istio-system relabel_configs: - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_name] action: keep regex: istio-telemetry --- # ServiceMonitor for Prometheus Operator apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1 kind: ServiceMonitor metadata: name: istio-mesh namespace: istio-system spec: selector: matchLabels: app: istiod endpoints: - port: http-monitoring interval: 15s ``` ### Template 2: Key Istio Metrics Queries ```promql # Request rate by service sum(rate(istio_requests_total{reporter="destination"}[5m])) by (destination_service_name) # Error rate (5xx) sum(rate(istio_requests_total{reporter="destination", response_code=~"5.."}[5m])) / sum(rate(istio_requests_total{reporter="destination"}[5m])) * 100 # P99 latency histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(istio_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket{reporter="destination"}[5m])) by (le, destination_service_name)) # TCP connections sum(istio_tcp_connections_opened_total{reporter="destination"}) by (destination_service_name) # Request size histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(istio_request_bytes_bucket{reporter="destination"}[5m])) by (le, destination_service_name)) ``` ### Template 3: Jaeger Distributed Tracing ```yaml # Jaeger installation for Istio apiVersion: install.istio.io/v1alpha1 kind: IstioOperator spec: meshConfig: enableTracing: true defaultConfig: tracing: sampling: 100.0 # 100% in dev, lower in prod zipkin: address: jaeger-collector.istio-system:9411 --- # Jaeger deployment apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: jaeger namespace: istio-system spec: selector: matchLabels: app: jaeger template: metadata: labels: app: jaeger spec: containers: - name: jaeger image: jaegertracing/all-in-one:1.50 ports: - containerPort: 5775 # UDP - containerPort: 6831 # Thrift - containerPort: 6832 # Thrift - containerPort: 5778 # Config - containerPort: 16686 # UI - containerPort: 14268 # HTTP - containerPort: 14250 # gRPC - containerPort: 9411 # Zipkin env: - name: COLLECTOR_ZIPKIN_HOST_PORT value: ":9411" ``` ### Template 4: Linkerd Viz Dashboard ```bash # Install Linkerd viz extension linkerd viz install | kubectl apply -f - # Access dashboard linkerd viz dashboard # CLI commands for observability # Top requests linkerd viz top deploy/my-app # Per-route metrics linkerd viz routes deploy/my-app --to deploy/backend # Live traffic inspection linkerd viz tap deploy/my-app --to deploy/backend # Service edges (dependencies) linkerd viz edges deployment -n my-namespace ``` ### Template 5: Grafana Dashboard JSON ```json { "dashboard": { "title": "Service Mesh Overview", "panels": [ { "title": "Request Rate", "type": "graph", "targets": [ { "expr": "sum(rate(istio_requests_total{reporter=\"destination\"}[5m])) by (destination_service_name)", "legendFormat": "{{destination_service_name}}" } ] }, { "title": "Error Rate", "type": "gauge", "targets": [ { "expr": "sum(rate(istio_requests_total{response_code=~\"5..\"}[5m])) / sum(rate(istio_requests_total[5m])) * 100" } ], "fieldConfig": { "defaults": { "thresholds": { "steps": [ { "value": 0, "color": "green" }, { "value": 1, "color": "yellow" }, { "value": 5, "color": "red" } ] } } } }, { "title": "P99 Latency", "type": "graph", "targets": [ { "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(istio_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket{reporter=\"destination\"}[5m])) by (le, destination_service_name))", "legendFormat": "{{destination_service_name}}" } ] }, { "title": "Service Topology", "type": "nodeGraph", "targets": [ { "expr": "sum(rate(istio_requests_total{reporter=\"destination\"}[5m])) by (source_workload, destination_service_name)" } ] } ] } } ``` ### Template 6: Kiali Service Mesh Visualization ```yaml # Kiali installation apiVersion: kiali.io/v1alpha1 kind: Kiali metadata: name: kiali namespace: istio-system spec: auth: strategy: anonymous # or openid, token deployment: accessible_namespaces: - "**" external_services: prometheus: url: http://prometheus.istio-system:9090 tracing: url: http://jaeger-query.istio-system:16686 grafana: url: http://grafana.istio-system:3000 ``` ### Template 7: OpenTelemetry Integration ```yaml # OpenTelemetry Collector for mesh apiVersion: v1 kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: otel-collector-config data: config.yaml: | receivers: otlp: protocols: grpc: endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4317 http: endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4318 zipkin: endpoint: 0.0.0.0:9411 processors: batch: timeout: 10s exporters: jaeger: endpoint: jaeger-collector:14250 tls: insecure: true prometheus: endpoint: 0.0.0.0:8889 service: pipelines: traces: receivers: [otlp, zipkin] processors: [batch] exporters: [jaeger] metrics: receivers: [otlp] processors: [batch] exporters: [prometheus] --- # Istio Telemetry v2 with OTel apiVersion: telemetry.istio.io/v1alpha1 kind: Telemetry metadata: name: mesh-default namespace: istio-system spec: tracing: - providers: - name: otel randomSamplingPercentage: 10 ``` ## Alerting Rules ```yaml apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1 kind: PrometheusRule metadata: name: mesh-alerts namespace: istio-system spec: groups: - name: mesh.rules rules: - alert: HighErrorRate expr: | sum(rate(istio_requests_total{response_code=~"5.."}[5m])) by (destination_service_name) / sum(rate(istio_requests_total[5m])) by (destination_service_name) > 0.05 for: 5m labels: severity: critical annotations: summary: "High error rate for {{ $labels.destination_service_name }}" - alert: HighLatency expr: | histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(istio_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, destination_service_name)) > 1000 for: 5m labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "High P99 latency for {{ $labels.destination_service_name }}" - alert: MeshCertExpiring expr: | (certmanager_certificate_expiration_timestamp_seconds - time()) / 86400 < 7 labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "Mesh certificate expiring in less than 7 days" ``` ## Best Practices ### Do's - **Sample appropriately** - 100% in dev, 1-10% in prod - **Use trace context** - Propagate headers consistently - **Set up alerts** - For golden signals - **Correlate metrics/traces** - Use exemplars - **Retain strategically** - Hot/cold storage tiers ### Don'ts - **Don't over-sample** - Storage costs add up - **Don't ignore cardinality** - Limit label values - **Don't skip dashboards** - Visualize dependencies - **Don't forget costs** - Monitor observability costs ## Resources - [Istio Observability](https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/observability/) - [Linkerd Observability](https://linkerd.io/2.14/features/dashboard/) - [OpenTelemetry](https://opentelemetry.io/) - [Kiali](https://kiali.io/)

# Apache Spark Optimization Production patterns for optimizing Apache Spark jobs including partitioning strategies, memory management, shuffle optimization, and performance tuning. ## When to Use This Skill - Optimizing slow Spark jobs - Tuning memory and executor configuration - Implementing efficient partitioning strategies - Debugging Spark performance issues - Scaling Spark pipelines for large datasets - Reducing shuffle and data skew ## Core Concepts ### 1. Spark Execution Model ``` Driver Program ↓ Job (triggered by action) ↓ Stages (separated by shuffles) ↓ Tasks (one per partition) ``` ### 2. Key Performance Factors | Factor | Impact | Solution | | ----------------- | --------------------- | ----------------------------- | | **Shuffle** | Network I/O, disk I/O | Minimize wide transformations | | **Data Skew** | Uneven task duration | Salting, broadcast joins | | **Serialization** | CPU overhead | Use Kryo, columnar formats | | **Memory** | GC pressure, spills | Tune executor memory | | **Partitions** | Parallelism | Right-size partitions | ## Quick Start ```python from pyspark.sql import SparkSession from pyspark.sql import functions as F # Create optimized Spark session spark = (SparkSession.builder .appName("OptimizedJob") .config("spark.sql.adaptive.enabled", "true") .config("spark.sql.adaptive.coalescePartitions.enabled", "true") .config("spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.enabled", "true") .config("spark.serializer", "org.apache.spark.serializer.KryoSerializer") .config("spark.sql.shuffle.partitions", "200") .getOrCreate()) # Read with optimized settings df = (spark.read .format("parquet") .option("mergeSchema", "false") .load("s3://bucket/data/")) # Efficient transformations result = (df .filter(F.col("date") >= "2024-01-01") .select("id", "amount", "category") .groupBy("category") .agg(F.sum("amount").alias("total"))) result.write.mode("overwrite").parquet("s3://bucket/output/") ``` ## Patterns ### Pattern 1: Optimal Partitioning ```python # Calculate optimal partition count def calculate_partitions(data_size_gb: float, partition_size_mb: int = 128) -> int: """ Optimal partition size: 128MB - 256MB Too few: Under-utilization, memory pressure Too many: Task scheduling overhead """ return max(int(data_size_gb * 1024 / partition_size_mb), 1) # Repartition for even distribution df_repartitioned = df.repartition(200, "partition_key") # Coalesce to reduce partitions (no shuffle) df_coalesced = df.coalesce(100) # Partition pruning with predicate pushdown df = (spark.read.parquet("s3://bucket/data/") .filter(F.col("date") == "2024-01-01")) # Spark pushes this down # Write with partitioning for future queries (df.write .partitionBy("year", "month", "day") .mode("overwrite") .parquet("s3://bucket/partitioned_output/")) ``` ### Pattern 2: Join Optimization ```python from pyspark.sql import functions as F from pyspark.sql.types import * # 1. Broadcast Join - Small table joins # Best when: One side < 10MB (configurable) small_df = spark.read.parquet("s3://bucket/small_table/") # < 10MB large_df = spark.read.parquet("s3://bucket/large_table/") # TBs # Explicit broadcast hint result = large_df.join( F.broadcast(small_df), on="key", how="left" ) # 2. Sort-Merge Join - Default for large tables # Requires shuffle, but handles any size result = large_df1.join(large_df2, on="key", how="inner") # 3. Bucket Join - Pre-sorted, no shuffle at join time # Write bucketed tables (df.write .bucketBy(200, "customer_id") .sortBy("customer_id") .mode("overwrite") .saveAsTable("bucketed_orders")) # Join bucketed tables (no shuffle!) orders = spark.table("bucketed_orders") customers = spark.table("bucketed_customers") # Same bucket count result = orders.join(customers, on="customer_id") # 4. Skew Join Handling # Enable AQE skew join optimization spark.conf.set("spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.enabled", "true") spark.conf.set("spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.skewedPartitionFactor", "5") spark.conf.set("spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.skewedPartitionThresholdInBytes", "256MB") # Manual salting for severe skew def salt_join(df_skewed, df_other, key_col, num_salts=10): """Add salt to distribute skewed keys""" # Add salt to skewed side df_salted = df_skewed.withColumn( "salt", (F.rand() * num_salts).cast("int") ).withColumn( "salted_key", F.concat(F.col(key_col), F.lit("_"), F.col("salt")) ) # Explode other side with all salts df_exploded = df_other.crossJoin( spark.range(num_salts).withColumnRenamed("id", "salt") ).withColumn( "salted_key", F.concat(F.col(key_col), F.lit("_"), F.col("salt")) ) # Join on salted key return df_salted.join(df_exploded, on="salted_key", how="inner") ``` ### Pattern 3: Caching and Persistence ```python from pyspark import StorageLevel # Cache when reusing DataFrame multiple times df = spark.read.parquet("s3://bucket/data/") df_filtered = df.filter(F.col("status") == "active") # Cache in memory (MEMORY_AND_DISK is default) df_filtered.cache() # Or with specific storage level df_filtered.persist(StorageLevel.MEMORY_AND_DISK_SER) # Force materialization df_filtered.count() # Use in multiple actions agg1 = df_filtered.groupBy("category").count() agg2 = df_filtered.groupBy("region").sum("amount") # Unpersist when done df_filtered.unpersist() # Storage levels explained: # MEMORY_ONLY - Fast, but may not fit # MEMORY_AND_DISK - Spills to disk if needed (recommended) # MEMORY_ONLY_SER - Serialized, less memory, more CPU # DISK_ONLY - When memory is tight # OFF_HEAP - Tungsten off-heap memory # Checkpoint for complex lineage spark.sparkContext.setCheckpointDir("s3://bucket/checkpoints/") df_complex = (df .join(other_df, "key") .groupBy("category") .agg(F.sum("amount"))) df_complex.checkpoint() # Breaks lineage, materializes ``` ### Pattern 4: Memory Tuning ```python # Executor memory configuration # spark-submit --executor-memory 8g --executor-cores 4 # Memory breakdown (8GB executor): # - spark.memory.fraction = 0.6 (60% = 4.8GB for execution + storage) # - spark.memory.storageFraction = 0.5 (50% of 4.8GB = 2.4GB for cache) # - Remaining 2.4GB for execution (shuffles, joins, sorts) # - 40% = 3.2GB for user data structures and internal metadata spark = (SparkSession.builder .config("spark.executor.memory", "8g") .config("spark.executor.memoryOverhead", "2g") # For non-JVM memory .config("spark.memory.fraction", "0.6") .config("spark.memory.storageFraction", "0.5") .config("spark.sql.shuffle.partitions", "200") # For memory-intensive operations .config("spark.sql.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold", "50MB") # Prevent OOM on large shuffles .config("spark.sql.files.maxPartitionBytes", "128MB") .getOrCreate()) # Monitor memory usage def print_memory_usage(spark): """Print current memory usage""" sc = spark.sparkContext for executor in sc._jsc.sc().getExecutorMemoryStatus().keySet().toArray(): mem_status = sc._jsc.sc().getExecutorMemoryStatus().get(executor) total = mem_status._1() / (1024**3) free = mem_status._2() / (1024**3) print(f"{executor}: {total:.2f}GB total, {free:.2f}GB free") ``` ### Pattern 5: Shuffle Optimization ```python # Reduce shuffle data size spark.conf.set("spark.sql.shuffle.partitions", "auto") # With AQE spark.conf.set("spark.shuffle.compress", "true") spark.conf.set("spark.shuffle.spill.compress", "true") # Pre-aggregate before shuffle df_optimized = (df # Local aggregation first (combiner) .groupBy("key", "partition_col") .agg(F.sum("value").alias("partial_sum")) # Then global aggregation .groupBy("key") .agg(F.sum("partial_sum").alias("total"))) # Avoid shuffle with map-side operations # BAD: Shuffle for each distinct distinct_count = df.select("category").distinct().count() # GOOD: Approximate distinct (no shuffle) approx_count = df.select(F.approx_count_distinct("category")).collect()[0][0] # Use coalesce instead of repartition when reducing partitions df_reduced = df.coalesce(10) # No shuffle # Optimize shuffle with compression spark.conf.set("spark.io.compression.codec", "lz4") # Fast compression ``` ### Pattern 6: Data Format Optimization ```python # Parquet optimizations (df.write .option("compression", "snappy") # Fast compression .option("parquet.block.size", 128 * 1024 * 1024) # 128MB row groups .parquet("s3://bucket/output/")) # Column pruning - only read needed columns df = (spark.read.parquet("s3://bucket/data/") .select("id", "amount", "date")) # Spark only reads these columns # Predicate pushdown - filter at storage level df = (spark.read.parquet("s3://bucket/partitioned/year=2024/") .filter(F.col("status") == "active")) # Pushed to Parquet reader # Delta Lake optimizations (df.write .format("delta") .option("optimizeWrite", "true") # Bin-packing .option("autoCompact", "true") # Compact small files .mode("overwrite") .save("s3://bucket/delta_table/")) # Z-ordering for multi-dimensional queries spark.sql(""" OPTIMIZE delta.`s3://bucket/delta_table/` ZORDER BY (customer_id, date) """) ``` ### Pattern 7: Monitoring and Debugging ```python # Enable detailed metrics spark.conf.set("spark.sql.codegen.wholeStage", "true") spark.conf.set("spark.sql.execution.arrow.pyspark.enabled", "true") # Explain query plan df.explain(mode="extended") # Modes: simple, extended, codegen, cost, formatted # Get physical plan statistics df.explain(mode="cost") # Monitor task metrics def analyze_stage_metrics(spark): """Analyze recent stage metrics""" status_tracker = spark.sparkContext.statusTracker() for stage_id in status_tracker.getActiveStageIds(): stage_info = status_tracker.getStageInfo(stage_id) print(f"Stage {stage_id}:") print(f" Tasks: {stage_info.numTasks}") print(f" Completed: {stage_info.numCompletedTasks}") print(f" Failed: {stage_info.numFailedTasks}") # Identify data skew def check_partition_skew(df): """Check for partition skew""" partition_counts = (df .withColumn("partition_id", F.spark_partition_id()) .groupBy("partition_id") .count() .orderBy(F.desc("count"))) partition_counts.show(20) stats = partition_counts.select( F.min("count").alias("min"), F.max("count").alias("max"), F.avg("count").alias("avg"), F.stddev("count").alias("stddev") ).collect()[0] skew_ratio = stats["max"] / stats["avg"] print(f"Skew ratio: {skew_ratio:.2f}x (>2x indicates skew)") ``` ## Configuration Cheat Sheet ```python # Production configuration template spark_configs = { # Adaptive Query Execution (AQE) "spark.sql.adaptive.enabled": "true", "spark.sql.adaptive.coalescePartitions.enabled": "true", "spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.enabled": "true", # Memory "spark.executor.memory": "8g", "spark.executor.memoryOverhead": "2g", "spark.memory.fraction": "0.6", "spark.memory.storageFraction": "0.5", # Parallelism "spark.sql.shuffle.partitions": "200", "spark.default.parallelism": "200", # Serialization "spark.serializer": "org.apache.spark.serializer.KryoSerializer", "spark.sql.execution.arrow.pyspark.enabled": "true", # Compression "spark.io.compression.codec": "lz4", "spark.shuffle.compress": "true", # Broadcast "spark.sql.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold": "50MB", # File handling "spark.sql.files.maxPartitionBytes": "128MB", "spark.sql.files.openCostInBytes": "4MB", } ``` ## Best Practices ### Do's - **Enable AQE** - Adaptive query execution handles many issues - **Use Parquet/Delta** - Columnar formats with compression - **Broadcast small tables** - Avoid shuffle for small joins - **Monitor Spark UI** - Check for skew, spills, GC - **Right-size partitions** - 128MB - 256MB per partition ### Don'ts - **Don't collect large data** - Keep data distributed - **Don't use UDFs unnecessarily** - Use built-in functions - **Don't over-cache** - Memory is limited - **Don't ignore data skew** - It dominates job time - **Don't use `.count()` for existence** - Use `.take(1)` or `.isEmpty()` ## Resources - [Spark Performance Tuning](https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-performance-tuning.html) - [Spark Configuration](https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html) - [Databricks Optimization Guide](https://docs.databricks.com/en/optimizations/index.html)

# Bazel Build Optimization Production patterns for Bazel in large-scale monorepos. ## When to Use This Skill - Setting up Bazel for monorepos - Configuring remote caching/execution - Optimizing build times - Writing custom Bazel rules - Debugging build issues - Migrating to Bazel ## Core Concepts ### 1. Bazel Architecture ``` workspace/ ├── WORKSPACE.bazel # External dependencies ├── .bazelrc # Build configurations ├── .bazelversion # Bazel version ├── BUILD.bazel # Root build file ├── apps/ │ └── web/ │ └── BUILD.bazel ├── libs/ │ └── utils/ │ └── BUILD.bazel └── tools/ └── bazel/ └── rules/ ``` ### 2. Key Concepts | Concept | Description | | ----------- | -------------------------------------- | | **Target** | Buildable unit (library, binary, test) | | **Package** | Directory with BUILD file | | **Label** | Target identifier `//path/to:target` | | **Rule** | Defines how to build a target | | **Aspect** | Cross-cutting build behavior | ## Templates ### Template 1: WORKSPACE Configuration ```python # WORKSPACE.bazel workspace(name = "myproject") load("@bazel_tools//tools/build_defs/repo:http.bzl", "http_archive") # Rules for JavaScript/TypeScript http_archive( name = "aspect_rules_js", sha256 = "...", strip_prefix = "rules_js-1.34.0", url = "https://github.com/aspect-build/rules_js/releases/download/v1.34.0/rules_js-v1.34.0.tar.gz", ) load("@aspect_rules_js//js:repositories.bzl", "rules_js_dependencies") rules_js_dependencies() load("@rules_nodejs//nodejs:repositories.bzl", "nodejs_register_toolchains") nodejs_register_toolchains( name = "nodejs", node_version = "20.9.0", ) load("@aspect_rules_js//npm:repositories.bzl", "npm_translate_lock") npm_translate_lock( name = "npm", pnpm_lock = "//:pnpm-lock.yaml", verify_node_modules_ignored = "//:.bazelignore", ) load("@npm//:repositories.bzl", "npm_repositories") npm_repositories() # Rules for Python http_archive( name = "rules_python", sha256 = "...", strip_prefix = "rules_python-0.27.0", url = "https://github.com/bazelbuild/rules_python/releases/download/0.27.0/rules_python-0.27.0.tar.gz", ) load("@rules_python//python:repositories.bzl", "py_repositories") py_repositories() ``` ### Template 2: .bazelrc Configuration ```bash # .bazelrc # Build settings build --enable_platform_specific_config build --incompatible_enable_cc_toolchain_resolution build --experimental_strict_conflict_checks # Performance build --jobs=auto build --local_cpu_resources=HOST_CPUS*.75 build --local_ram_resources=HOST_RAM*.75 # Caching build --disk_cache=~/.cache/bazel-disk build --repository_cache=~/.cache/bazel-repo # Remote caching (optional) build:remote-cache --remote_cache=grpcs://cache.example.com build:remote-cache --remote_upload_local_results=true build:remote-cache --remote_timeout=3600 # Remote execution (optional) build:remote-exec --remote_executor=grpcs://remote.example.com build:remote-exec --remote_instance_name=projects/myproject/instances/default build:remote-exec --jobs=500 # Platform configurations build:linux --platforms=//platforms:linux_x86_64 build:macos --platforms=//platforms:macos_arm64 # CI configuration build:ci --config=remote-cache build:ci --build_metadata=ROLE=CI build:ci --bes_results_url=https://results.example.com/invocation/ build:ci --bes_backend=grpcs://bes.example.com # Test settings test --test_output=errors test --test_summary=detailed # Coverage coverage --combined_report=lcov coverage --instrumentation_filter="//..." # Convenience aliases build:opt --compilation_mode=opt build:dbg --compilation_mode=dbg # Import user settings try-import %workspace%/user.bazelrc ``` ### Template 3: TypeScript Library BUILD ```python # libs/utils/BUILD.bazel load("@aspect_rules_ts//ts:defs.bzl", "ts_project") load("@aspect_rules_js//js:defs.bzl", "js_library") load("@npm//:defs.bzl", "npm_link_all_packages") npm_link_all_packages(name = "node_modules") ts_project( name = "utils_ts", srcs = glob(["src/**/*.ts"]), declaration = True, source_map = True, tsconfig = "//:tsconfig.json", deps = [ ":node_modules/@types/node", ], ) js_library( name = "utils", srcs = [":utils_ts"], visibility = ["//visibility:public"], ) # Tests load("@aspect_rules_jest//jest:defs.bzl", "jest_test") jest_test( name = "utils_test", config = "//:jest.config.js", data = [ ":utils", "//:node_modules/jest", ], node_modules = "//:node_modules", ) ``` ### Template 4: Python Library BUILD ```python # libs/ml/BUILD.bazel load("@rules_python//python:defs.bzl", "py_library", "py_test", "py_binary") load("@pip//:requirements.bzl", "requirement") py_library( name = "ml", srcs = glob(["src/**/*.py"]), deps = [ requirement("numpy"), requirement("pandas"), requirement("scikit-learn"), "//libs/utils:utils_py", ], visibility = ["//visibility:public"], ) py_test( name = "ml_test", srcs = glob(["tests/**/*.py"]), deps = [ ":ml", requirement("pytest"), ], size = "medium", timeout = "moderate", ) py_binary( name = "train", srcs = ["train.py"], deps = [":ml"], data = ["//data:training_data"], ) ``` ### Template 5: Custom Rule for Docker ```python # tools/bazel/rules/docker.bzl def _docker_image_impl(ctx): dockerfile = ctx.file.dockerfile base_image = ctx.attr.base_image layers = ctx.files.layers # Build the image output = ctx.actions.declare_file(ctx.attr.name + ".tar") args = ctx.actions.args() args.add("--dockerfile", dockerfile) args.add("--output", output) args.add("--base", base_image) args.add_all("--layer", layers) ctx.actions.run( inputs = [dockerfile] + layers, outputs = [output], executable = ctx.executable._builder, arguments = [args], mnemonic = "DockerBuild", progress_message = "Building Docker image %s" % ctx.label, ) return [DefaultInfo(files = depset([output]))] docker_image = rule( implementation = _docker_image_impl, attrs = { "dockerfile": attr.label( allow_single_file = [".dockerfile", "Dockerfile"], mandatory = True, ), "base_image": attr.string(mandatory = True), "layers": attr.label_list(allow_files = True), "_builder": attr.label( default = "//tools/docker:builder", executable = True, cfg = "exec", ), }, ) ``` ### Template 6: Query and Dependency Analysis ```bash # Find all dependencies of a target bazel query "deps(//apps/web:web)" # Find reverse dependencies (what depends on this) bazel query "rdeps(//..., //libs/utils:utils)" # Find all targets in a package bazel query "//libs/..." # Find changed targets since commit bazel query "rdeps(//..., set($(git diff --name-only HEAD~1 | sed 's/.*/"&"/' | tr '\n' ' ')))" # Generate dependency graph bazel query "deps(//apps/web:web)" --output=graph | dot -Tpng > deps.png # Find all test targets bazel query "kind('.*_test', //...)" # Find targets with specific tag bazel query "attr(tags, 'integration', //...)" # Compute build graph size bazel query "deps(//...)" --output=package | wc -l ``` ### Template 7: Remote Execution Setup ```python # platforms/BUILD.bazel platform( name = "linux_x86_64", constraint_values = [ "@platforms//os:linux", "@platforms//cpu:x86_64", ], exec_properties = { "container-image": "docker://gcr.io/myproject/bazel-worker:latest", "OSFamily": "Linux", }, ) platform( name = "remote_linux", parents = [":linux_x86_64"], exec_properties = { "Pool": "default", "dockerNetwork": "standard", }, ) # toolchains/BUILD.bazel toolchain( name = "cc_toolchain_linux", exec_compatible_with = [ "@platforms//os:linux", "@platforms//cpu:x86_64", ], target_compatible_with = [ "@platforms//os:linux", "@platforms//cpu:x86_64", ], toolchain = "@remotejdk11_linux//:jdk", toolchain_type = "@bazel_tools//tools/jdk:runtime_toolchain_type", ) ``` ## Performance Optimization ```bash # Profile build bazel build //... --profile=profile.json bazel analyze-profile profile.json # Identify slow actions bazel build //... --execution_log_json_file=exec_log.json # Memory profiling bazel build //... --memory_profile=memory.json # Skip analysis cache bazel build //... --notrack_incremental_state ``` ## Best Practices ### Do's - **Use fine-grained targets** - Better caching - **Pin dependencies** - Reproducible builds - **Enable remote caching** - Share build artifacts - **Use visibility wisely** - Enforce architecture - **Write BUILD files per directory** - Standard convention ### Don'ts - **Don't use glob for deps** - Explicit is better - **Don't commit bazel-\* dirs** - Add to .gitignore - **Don't skip WORKSPACE setup** - Foundation of build - **Don't ignore build warnings** - Technical debt ## Resources - [Bazel Documentation](https://bazel.build/docs) - [Bazel Remote Execution](https://bazel.build/docs/remote-execution) - [rules_js](https://github.com/aspect-build/rules_js)

# Monorepo Management Build efficient, scalable monorepos that enable code sharing, consistent tooling, and atomic changes across multiple packages and applications. ## When to Use This Skill - Setting up new monorepo projects - Migrating from multi-repo to monorepo - Optimizing build and test performance - Managing shared dependencies - Implementing code sharing strategies - Setting up CI/CD for monorepos - Versioning and publishing packages - Debugging monorepo-specific issues ## Core Concepts ### 1. Why Monorepos? **Advantages:** - Shared code and dependencies - Atomic commits across projects - Consistent tooling and standards - Easier refactoring - Simplified dependency management - Better code visibility **Challenges:** - Build performance at scale - CI/CD complexity - Access control - Large Git repository ### 2. Monorepo Tools **Package Managers:** - pnpm workspaces (recommended) - npm workspaces - Yarn workspaces **Build Systems:** - Turborepo (recommended for most) - Nx (feature-rich, complex) - Lerna (older, maintenance mode) ## Turborepo Setup ### Initial Setup ```bash # Create new monorepo npx create-turbo@latest my-monorepo cd my-monorepo # Structure: # apps/ # web/ - Next.js app # docs/ - Documentation site # packages/ # ui/ - Shared UI components # config/ - Shared configurations # tsconfig/ - Shared TypeScript configs # turbo.json - Turborepo configuration # package.json - Root package.json ``` ### Configuration ```json // turbo.json { "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json", "globalDependencies": ["**/.env.*local"], "pipeline": { "build": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "outputs": ["dist/**", ".next/**", "!.next/cache/**"] }, "test": { "dependsOn": ["build"], "outputs": ["coverage/**"] }, "lint": { "outputs": [] }, "dev": { "cache": false, "persistent": true }, "type-check": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "outputs": [] } } } ``` ```json // package.json (root) { "name": "my-monorepo", "private": true, "workspaces": ["apps/*", "packages/*"], "scripts": { "build": "turbo run build", "dev": "turbo run dev", "test": "turbo run test", "lint": "turbo run lint", "format": "prettier --write \"**/*.{ts,tsx,md}\"", "clean": "turbo run clean && rm -rf node_modules" }, "devDependencies": { "turbo": "^1.10.0", "prettier": "^3.0.0", "typescript": "^5.0.0" }, "packageManager": "pnpm@8.0.0" } ``` ### Package Structure ```json // packages/ui/package.json { "name": "@repo/ui", "version": "0.0.0", "private": true, "main": "./dist/index.js", "types": "./dist/index.d.ts", "exports": { ".": { "import": "./dist/index.js", "types": "./dist/index.d.ts" }, "./button": { "import": "./dist/button.js", "types": "./dist/button.d.ts" } }, "scripts": { "build": "tsup src/index.ts --format esm,cjs --dts", "dev": "tsup src/index.ts --format esm,cjs --dts --watch", "lint": "eslint src/", "type-check": "tsc --noEmit" }, "devDependencies": { "@repo/tsconfig": "workspace:*", "tsup": "^7.0.0", "typescript": "^5.0.0" }, "dependencies": { "react": "^18.2.0" } } ``` ## pnpm Workspaces ### Setup ```yaml # pnpm-workspace.yaml packages: - "apps/*" - "packages/*" - "tools/*" ``` ```json // .npmrc # Hoist shared dependencies shamefully-hoist=true # Strict peer dependencies auto-install-peers=true strict-peer-dependencies=true # Performance store-dir=~/.pnpm-store ``` ### Dependency Management ```bash # Install dependency in specific package pnpm add react --filter @repo/ui pnpm add -D typescript --filter @repo/ui # Install workspace dependency pnpm add @repo/ui --filter web # Install in all packages pnpm add -D eslint -w # Update all dependencies pnpm update -r # Remove dependency pnpm remove react --filter @repo/ui ``` ### Scripts ```bash # Run script in specific package pnpm --filter web dev pnpm --filter @repo/ui build # Run in all packages pnpm -r build pnpm -r test # Run in parallel pnpm -r --parallel dev # Filter by pattern pnpm --filter "@repo/*" build pnpm --filter "...web" build # Build web and dependencies ``` ## Nx Monorepo ### Setup ```bash # Create Nx monorepo npx create-nx-workspace@latest my-org # Generate applications nx generate @nx/react:app my-app nx generate @nx/next:app my-next-app # Generate libraries nx generate @nx/react:lib ui-components nx generate @nx/js:lib utils ``` ### Configuration ```json // nx.json { "extends": "nx/presets/npm.json", "$schema": "./node_modules/nx/schemas/nx-schema.json", "targetDefaults": { "build": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "inputs": ["production", "^production"], "cache": true }, "test": { "inputs": ["default", "^production", "{workspaceRoot}/jest.preset.js"], "cache": true }, "lint": { "inputs": ["default", "{workspaceRoot}/.eslintrc.json"], "cache": true } }, "namedInputs": { "default": ["{projectRoot}/**/*", "sharedGlobals"], "production": [ "default", "!{projectRoot}/**/?(*.)+(spec|test).[jt]s?(x)?(.snap)", "!{projectRoot}/tsconfig.spec.json" ], "sharedGlobals": [] } } ``` ### Running Tasks ```bash # Run task for specific project nx build my-app nx test ui-components nx lint utils # Run for affected projects nx affected:build nx affected:test --base=main # Visualize dependencies nx graph # Run in parallel nx run-many --target=build --all --parallel=3 ``` ## Shared Configurations ### TypeScript Configuration ```json // packages/tsconfig/base.json { "compilerOptions": { "strict": true, "esModuleInterop": true, "skipLibCheck": true, "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true, "module": "ESNext", "moduleResolution": "bundler", "resolveJsonModule": true, "isolatedModules": true, "incremental": true, "declaration": true }, "exclude": ["node_modules"] } // packages/tsconfig/react.json { "extends": "./base.json", "compilerOptions": { "jsx": "react-jsx", "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"] } } // apps/web/tsconfig.json { "extends": "@repo/tsconfig/react.json", "compilerOptions": { "outDir": "dist", "rootDir": "src" }, "include": ["src"], "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"] } ``` ### ESLint Configuration ```javascript // packages/config/eslint-preset.js module.exports = { extends: [ "eslint:recommended", "plugin:@typescript-eslint/recommended", "plugin:react/recommended", "plugin:react-hooks/recommended", "prettier", ], plugins: ["@typescript-eslint", "react", "react-hooks"], parser: "@typescript-eslint/parser", parserOptions: { ecmaVersion: 2022, sourceType: "module", ecmaFeatures: { jsx: true, }, }, settings: { react: { version: "detect", }, }, rules: { "@typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars": "error", "react/react-in-jsx-scope": "off", }, }; // apps/web/.eslintrc.js module.exports = { extends: ["@repo/config/eslint-preset"], rules: { // App-specific rules }, }; ``` ## Code Sharing Patterns ### Pattern 1: Shared UI Components ```typescript // packages/ui/src/button.tsx import * as React from 'react'; export interface ButtonProps { variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary'; children: React.ReactNode; onClick?: () => void; } export function Button({ variant = 'primary', children, onClick }: ButtonProps) { return ( <button className={`btn btn-${variant}`} onClick={onClick} > {children} </button> ); } // packages/ui/src/index.ts export { Button, type ButtonProps } from './button'; export { Input, type InputProps } from './input'; // apps/web/src/app.tsx import { Button } from '@repo/ui'; export function App() { return <Button variant="primary">Click me</Button>; } ``` ### Pattern 2: Shared Utilities ```typescript // packages/utils/src/string.ts export function capitalize(str: string): string { return str.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + str.slice(1); } export function truncate(str: string, length: number): string { return str.length > length ? str.slice(0, length) + "..." : str; } // packages/utils/src/index.ts export * from "./string"; export * from "./array"; export * from "./date"; // Usage in apps import { capitalize, truncate } from "@repo/utils"; ``` ### Pattern 3: Shared Types ```typescript // packages/types/src/user.ts export interface User { id: string; email: string; name: string; role: "admin" | "user"; } export interface CreateUserInput { email: string; name: string; password: string; } // Used in both frontend and backend import type { User, CreateUserInput } from "@repo/types"; ``` ## Build Optimization ### Turborepo Caching ```json // turbo.json { "pipeline": { "build": { // Build depends on dependencies being built first "dependsOn": ["^build"], // Cache these outputs "outputs": ["dist/**", ".next/**"], // Cache based on these inputs (default: all files) "inputs": ["src/**/*.tsx", "src/**/*.ts", "package.json"] }, "test": { // Run tests in parallel, don't depend on build "cache": true, "outputs": ["coverage/**"] } } } ``` ### Remote Caching ```bash # Turborepo Remote Cache (Vercel) npx turbo login npx turbo link # Custom remote cache # turbo.json { "remoteCache": { "signature": true, "enabled": true } } ``` ## CI/CD for Monorepos ### GitHub Actions ```yaml # .github/workflows/ci.yml name: CI on: push: branches: [main] pull_request: branches: [main] jobs: build: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v3 with: fetch-depth: 0 # For Nx affected commands - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v2 with: version: 8 - uses: actions/setup-node@v3 with: node-version: 18 cache: "pnpm" - name: Install dependencies run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile - name: Build run: pnpm turbo run build - name: Test run: pnpm turbo run test - name: Lint run: pnpm turbo run lint - name: Type check run: pnpm turbo run type-check ``` ### Deploy Affected Only ```yaml # Deploy only changed apps - name: Deploy affected apps run: | if pnpm nx affected:apps --base=origin/main --head=HEAD | grep -q "web"; then echo "Deploying web app" pnpm --filter web deploy fi ``` ## Best Practices 1. **Consistent Versioning**: Lock dependency versions across workspace 2. **Shared Configs**: Centralize ESLint, TypeScript, Prettier configs 3. **Dependency Graph**: Keep it acyclic, avoid circular dependencies 4. **Cache Effectively**: Configure inputs/outputs correctly 5. **Type Safety**: Share types between frontend/backend 6. **Testing Strategy**: Unit tests in packages, E2E in apps 7. **Documentation**: README in each package 8. **Release Strategy**: Use changesets for versioning ## Common Pitfalls - **Circular Dependencies**: A depends on B, B depends on A - **Phantom Dependencies**: Using deps not in package.json - **Incorrect Cache Inputs**: Missing files in Turborepo inputs - **Over-Sharing**: Sharing code that should be separate - **Under-Sharing**: Duplicating code across packages - **Large Monorepos**: Without proper tooling, builds slow down ## Publishing Packages ```bash # Using Changesets pnpm add -Dw @changesets/cli pnpm changeset init # Create changeset pnpm changeset # Version packages pnpm changeset version # Publish pnpm changeset publish ``` ```yaml # .github/workflows/release.yml - name: Create Release Pull Request or Publish uses: changesets/action@v1 with: publish: pnpm release env: GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} NPM_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }} ``` ## Resources - **references/turborepo-guide.md**: Comprehensive Turborepo documentation - **references/nx-guide.md**: Nx monorepo patterns - **references/pnpm-workspaces.md**: pnpm workspace features - **assets/monorepo-checklist.md**: Setup checklist - **assets/migration-guide.md**: Multi-repo to monorepo migration - **scripts/dependency-graph.ts**: Visualize package dependencies

# Nx Workspace Patterns Production patterns for Nx monorepo management. ## When to Use This Skill - Setting up new Nx workspaces - Configuring project boundaries - Optimizing CI with affected commands - Implementing remote caching - Managing dependencies between projects - Migrating to Nx ## Core Concepts ### 1. Nx Architecture ``` workspace/ ├── apps/ # Deployable applications │ ├── web/ │ └── api/ ├── libs/ # Shared libraries │ ├── shared/ │ │ ├── ui/ │ │ └── utils/ │ └── feature/ │ ├── auth/ │ └── dashboard/ ├── tools/ # Custom executors/generators ├── nx.json # Nx configuration └── workspace.json # Project configuration ``` ### 2. Library Types | Type | Purpose | Example | | --------------- | -------------------------------- | ------------------- | | **feature** | Smart components, business logic | `feature-auth` | | **ui** | Presentational components | `ui-buttons` | | **data-access** | API calls, state management | `data-access-users` | | **util** | Pure functions, helpers | `util-formatting` | | **shell** | App bootstrapping | `shell-web` | ## Templates ### Template 1: nx.json Configuration ```json { "$schema": "./node_modules/nx/schemas/nx-schema.json", "npmScope": "myorg", "affected": { "defaultBase": "main" }, "tasksRunnerOptions": { "default": { "runner": "nx/tasks-runners/default", "options": { "cacheableOperations": [ "build", "lint", "test", "e2e", "build-storybook" ], "parallel": 3 } } }, "targetDefaults": { "build": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "inputs": ["production", "^production"], "cache": true }, "test": { "inputs": ["default", "^production", "{workspaceRoot}/jest.preset.js"], "cache": true }, "lint": { "inputs": ["default", "{workspaceRoot}/.eslintrc.json"], "cache": true }, "e2e": { "inputs": ["default", "^production"], "cache": true } }, "namedInputs": { "default": ["{projectRoot}/**/*", "sharedGlobals"], "production": [ "default", "!{projectRoot}/**/?(*.)+(spec|test).[jt]s?(x)?(.snap)", "!{projectRoot}/tsconfig.spec.json", "!{projectRoot}/jest.config.[jt]s", "!{projectRoot}/.eslintrc.json" ], "sharedGlobals": [ "{workspaceRoot}/babel.config.json", "{workspaceRoot}/tsconfig.base.json" ] }, "generators": { "@nx/react": { "application": { "style": "css", "linter": "eslint", "bundler": "webpack" }, "library": { "style": "css", "linter": "eslint" }, "component": { "style": "css" } } } } ``` ### Template 2: Project Configuration ```json // apps/web/project.json { "name": "web", "$schema": "../../node_modules/nx/schemas/project-schema.json", "sourceRoot": "apps/web/src", "projectType": "application", "tags": ["type:app", "scope:web"], "targets": { "build": { "executor": "@nx/webpack:webpack", "outputs": ["{options.outputPath}"], "defaultConfiguration": "production", "options": { "compiler": "babel", "outputPath": "dist/apps/web", "index": "apps/web/src/index.html", "main": "apps/web/src/main.tsx", "tsConfig": "apps/web/tsconfig.app.json", "assets": ["apps/web/src/assets"], "styles": ["apps/web/src/styles.css"] }, "configurations": { "development": { "extractLicenses": false, "optimization": false, "sourceMap": true }, "production": { "optimization": true, "outputHashing": "all", "sourceMap": false, "extractLicenses": true } } }, "serve": { "executor": "@nx/webpack:dev-server", "defaultConfiguration": "development", "options": { "buildTarget": "web:build" }, "configurations": { "development": { "buildTarget": "web:build:development" }, "production": { "buildTarget": "web:build:production" } } }, "test": { "executor": "@nx/jest:jest", "outputs": ["{workspaceRoot}/coverage/{projectRoot}"], "options": { "jestConfig": "apps/web/jest.config.ts", "passWithNoTests": true } }, "lint": { "executor": "@nx/eslint:lint", "outputs": ["{options.outputFile}"], "options": { "lintFilePatterns": ["apps/web/**/*.{ts,tsx,js,jsx}"] } } } } ``` ### Template 3: Module Boundary Rules ```json // .eslintrc.json { "root": true, "ignorePatterns": ["**/*"], "plugins": ["@nx"], "overrides": [ { "files": ["*.ts", "*.tsx", "*.js", "*.jsx"], "rules": { "@nx/enforce-module-boundaries": [ "error", { "enforceBuildableLibDependency": true, "allow": [], "depConstraints": [ { "sourceTag": "type:app", "onlyDependOnLibsWithTags": [ "type:feature", "type:ui", "type:data-access", "type:util" ] }, { "sourceTag": "type:feature", "onlyDependOnLibsWithTags": [ "type:ui", "type:data-access", "type:util" ] }, { "sourceTag": "type:ui", "onlyDependOnLibsWithTags": ["type:ui", "type:util"] }, { "sourceTag": "type:data-access", "onlyDependOnLibsWithTags": ["type:data-access", "type:util"] }, { "sourceTag": "type:util", "onlyDependOnLibsWithTags": ["type:util"] }, { "sourceTag": "scope:web", "onlyDependOnLibsWithTags": ["scope:web", "scope:shared"] }, { "sourceTag": "scope:api", "onlyDependOnLibsWithTags": ["scope:api", "scope:shared"] }, { "sourceTag": "scope:shared", "onlyDependOnLibsWithTags": ["scope:shared"] } ] } ] } } ] } ``` ### Template 4: Custom Generator ```typescript // tools/generators/feature-lib/index.ts import { Tree, formatFiles, generateFiles, joinPathFragments, names, readProjectConfiguration, } from "@nx/devkit"; import { libraryGenerator } from "@nx/react"; interface FeatureLibraryGeneratorSchema { name: string; scope: string; directory?: string; } export default async function featureLibraryGenerator( tree: Tree, options: FeatureLibraryGeneratorSchema, ) { const { name, scope, directory } = options; const projectDirectory = directory ? `${directory}/${name}` : `libs/${scope}/feature-${name}`; // Generate base library await libraryGenerator(tree, { name: `feature-${name}`, directory: projectDirectory, tags: `type:feature,scope:${scope}`, style: "css", skipTsConfig: false, skipFormat: true, unitTestRunner: "jest", linter: "eslint", }); // Add custom files const projectConfig = readProjectConfiguration( tree, `${scope}-feature-${name}`, ); const projectNames = names(name); generateFiles( tree, joinPathFragments(__dirname, "files"), projectConfig.sourceRoot, { ...projectNames, scope, tmpl: "", }, ); await formatFiles(tree); } ``` ### Template 5: CI Configuration with Affected ```yaml # .github/workflows/ci.yml name: CI on: push: branches: [main] pull_request: branches: [main] env: NX_CLOUD_ACCESS_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NX_CLOUD_ACCESS_TOKEN }} jobs: main: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 with: fetch-depth: 0 - uses: actions/setup-node@v4 with: node-version: 20 cache: "npm" - name: Install dependencies run: npm ci - name: Derive SHAs for affected commands uses: nrwl/nx-set-shas@v4 - name: Run affected lint run: npx nx affected -t lint --parallel=3 - name: Run affected test run: npx nx affected -t test --parallel=3 --configuration=ci - name: Run affected build run: npx nx affected -t build --parallel=3 - name: Run affected e2e run: npx nx affected -t e2e --parallel=1 ``` ### Template 6: Remote Caching Setup ```typescript // nx.json with Nx Cloud { "tasksRunnerOptions": { "default": { "runner": "nx-cloud", "options": { "cacheableOperations": ["build", "lint", "test", "e2e"], "accessToken": "your-nx-cloud-token", "parallel": 3, "cacheDirectory": ".nx/cache" } } }, "nxCloudAccessToken": "your-nx-cloud-token" } // Self-hosted cache with S3 { "tasksRunnerOptions": { "default": { "runner": "@nx-aws-cache/nx-aws-cache", "options": { "cacheableOperations": ["build", "lint", "test"], "awsRegion": "us-east-1", "awsBucket": "my-nx-cache-bucket", "awsProfile": "default" } } } } ``` ## Common Commands ```bash # Generate new library nx g @nx/react:lib feature-auth --directory=libs/web --tags=type:feature,scope:web # Run affected tests nx affected -t test --base=main # View dependency graph nx graph # Run specific project nx build web --configuration=production # Reset cache nx reset # Run migrations nx migrate latest nx migrate --run-migrations ``` ## Best Practices ### Do's - **Use tags consistently** - Enforce with module boundaries - **Enable caching early** - Significant CI savings - **Keep libs focused** - Single responsibility - **Use generators** - Ensure consistency - **Document boundaries** - Help new developers ### Don'ts - **Don't create circular deps** - Graph should be acyclic - **Don't skip affected** - Test only what changed - **Don't ignore boundaries** - Tech debt accumulates - **Don't over-granularize** - Balance lib count ## Resources - [Nx Documentation](https://nx.dev/getting-started/intro) - [Module Boundaries](https://nx.dev/core-features/enforce-module-boundaries) - [Nx Cloud](https://nx.app/)

# Turborepo Caching Production patterns for Turborepo build optimization. ## When to Use This Skill - Setting up new Turborepo projects - Configuring build pipelines - Implementing remote caching - Optimizing CI/CD performance - Migrating from other monorepo tools - Debugging cache misses ## Core Concepts ### 1. Turborepo Architecture ``` Workspace Root/ ├── apps/ │ ├── web/ │ │ └── package.json │ └── docs/ │ └── package.json ├── packages/ │ ├── ui/ │ │ └── package.json │ └── config/ │ └── package.json ├── turbo.json └── package.json ``` ### 2. Pipeline Concepts | Concept | Description | | -------------- | -------------------------------- | | **dependsOn** | Tasks that must complete first | | **cache** | Whether to cache outputs | | **outputs** | Files to cache | | **inputs** | Files that affect cache key | | **persistent** | Long-running tasks (dev servers) | ## Templates ### Template 1: turbo.json Configuration ```json { "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json", "globalDependencies": [".env", ".env.local"], "globalEnv": ["NODE_ENV", "VERCEL_URL"], "pipeline": { "build": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "outputs": ["dist/**", ".next/**", "!.next/cache/**"], "env": ["API_URL", "NEXT_PUBLIC_*"] }, "test": { "dependsOn": ["build"], "outputs": ["coverage/**"], "inputs": ["src/**/*.tsx", "src/**/*.ts", "test/**/*.ts"] }, "lint": { "outputs": [], "cache": true }, "typecheck": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "outputs": [] }, "dev": { "cache": false, "persistent": true }, "clean": { "cache": false } } } ``` ### Template 2: Package-Specific Pipeline ```json // apps/web/turbo.json { "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json", "extends": ["//"], "pipeline": { "build": { "outputs": [".next/**", "!.next/cache/**"], "env": ["NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL", "NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID"] }, "test": { "outputs": ["coverage/**"], "inputs": ["src/**", "tests/**", "jest.config.js"] } } } ``` ### Template 3: Remote Caching with Vercel ```bash # Login to Vercel npx turbo login # Link to Vercel project npx turbo link # Run with remote cache turbo build --remote-only # CI environment variables TURBO_TOKEN=your-token TURBO_TEAM=your-team ``` ```yaml # .github/workflows/ci.yml name: CI on: push: branches: [main] pull_request: env: TURBO_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.TURBO_TOKEN }} TURBO_TEAM: ${{ vars.TURBO_TEAM }} jobs: build: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - uses: actions/setup-node@v4 with: node-version: 20 cache: "npm" - name: Install dependencies run: npm ci - name: Build run: npx turbo build --filter='...[origin/main]' - name: Test run: npx turbo test --filter='...[origin/main]' ``` ### Template 4: Self-Hosted Remote Cache ```typescript // Custom remote cache server (Express) import express from "express"; import { createReadStream, createWriteStream } from "fs"; import { mkdir } from "fs/promises"; import { join } from "path"; const app = express(); const CACHE_DIR = "./cache"; // Get artifact app.get("/v8/artifacts/:hash", async (req, res) => { const { hash } = req.params; const team = req.query.teamId || "default"; const filePath = join(CACHE_DIR, team, hash); try { const stream = createReadStream(filePath); stream.pipe(res); } catch { res.status(404).send("Not found"); } }); // Put artifact app.put("/v8/artifacts/:hash", async (req, res) => { const { hash } = req.params; const team = req.query.teamId || "default"; const dir = join(CACHE_DIR, team); const filePath = join(dir, hash); await mkdir(dir, { recursive: true }); const stream = createWriteStream(filePath); req.pipe(stream); stream.on("finish", () => { res.json({ urls: [`${req.protocol}://${req.get("host")}/v8/artifacts/${hash}`], }); }); }); // Check artifact exists app.head("/v8/artifacts/:hash", async (req, res) => { const { hash } = req.params; const team = req.query.teamId || "default"; const filePath = join(CACHE_DIR, team, hash); try { await fs.access(filePath); res.status(200).end(); } catch { res.status(404).end(); } }); app.listen(3000); ``` ```json // turbo.json for self-hosted cache { "remoteCache": { "signature": false } } ``` ```bash # Use self-hosted cache turbo build --api="http://localhost:3000" --token="my-token" --team="my-team" ``` ### Template 5: Filtering and Scoping ```bash # Build specific package turbo build --filter=@myorg/web # Build package and its dependencies turbo build --filter=@myorg/web... # Build package and its dependents turbo build --filter=...@myorg/ui # Build changed packages since main turbo build --filter='...[origin/main]' # Build packages in directory turbo build --filter='./apps/*' # Combine filters turbo build --filter=@myorg/web --filter=@myorg/docs # Exclude package turbo build --filter='!@myorg/docs' # Include dependencies of changed turbo build --filter='...[HEAD^1]...' ``` ### Template 6: Advanced Pipeline Configuration ```json { "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json", "pipeline": { "build": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "outputs": ["dist/**"], "inputs": ["$TURBO_DEFAULT$", "!**/*.md", "!**/*.test.*"] }, "test": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "outputs": ["coverage/**"], "inputs": ["src/**", "tests/**", "*.config.*"], "env": ["CI", "NODE_ENV"] }, "test:e2e": { "dependsOn": ["build"], "outputs": [], "cache": false }, "deploy": { "dependsOn": ["build", "test", "lint"], "outputs": [], "cache": false }, "db:generate": { "cache": false }, "db:push": { "cache": false, "dependsOn": ["db:generate"] }, "@myorg/web#build": { "dependsOn": ["^build", "@myorg/db#db:generate"], "outputs": [".next/**"], "env": ["NEXT_PUBLIC_*"] } } } ``` ### Template 7: Root package.json Setup ```json { "name": "my-turborepo", "private": true, "workspaces": ["apps/*", "packages/*"], "scripts": { "build": "turbo build", "dev": "turbo dev", "lint": "turbo lint", "test": "turbo test", "clean": "turbo clean && rm -rf node_modules", "format": "prettier --write \"**/*.{ts,tsx,md}\"", "changeset": "changeset", "version-packages": "changeset version", "release": "turbo build --filter=./packages/* && changeset publish" }, "devDependencies": { "turbo": "^1.10.0", "prettier": "^3.0.0", "@changesets/cli": "^2.26.0" }, "packageManager": "npm@10.0.0" } ``` ## Debugging Cache ```bash # Dry run to see what would run turbo build --dry-run # Verbose output with hashes turbo build --verbosity=2 # Show task graph turbo build --graph # Force no cache turbo build --force # Show cache status turbo build --summarize # Debug specific task TURBO_LOG_VERBOSITY=debug turbo build --filter=@myorg/web ``` ## Best Practices ### Do's - **Define explicit inputs** - Avoid cache invalidation - **Use workspace protocol** - `"@myorg/ui": "workspace:*"` - **Enable remote caching** - Share across CI and local - **Filter in CI** - Build only affected packages - **Cache build outputs** - Not source files ### Don'ts - **Don't cache dev servers** - Use `persistent: true` - **Don't include secrets in env** - Use runtime env vars - **Don't ignore dependsOn** - Causes race conditions - **Don't over-filter** - May miss dependencies ## Resources - [Turborepo Documentation](https://turbo.build/repo/docs) - [Caching Guide](https://turbo.build/repo/docs/core-concepts/caching) - [Remote Caching](https://turbo.build/repo/docs/core-concepts/remote-caching)

# Changelog Automation Patterns and tools for automating changelog generation, release notes, and version management following industry standards. ## When to Use This Skill - Setting up automated changelog generation - Implementing Conventional Commits - Creating release note workflows - Standardizing commit message formats - Generating GitHub/GitLab release notes - Managing semantic versioning ## Core Concepts ### 1. Keep a Changelog Format ```markdown # Changelog All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.1.0/), and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html). ## [Unreleased] ### Added - New feature X ## [1.2.0] - 2024-01-15 ### Added - User profile avatars - Dark mode support ### Changed - Improved loading performance by 40% ### Deprecated - Old authentication API (use v2) ### Removed - Legacy payment gateway ### Fixed - Login timeout issue (#123) ### Security - Updated dependencies for CVE-2024-1234 [Unreleased]: https://github.com/user/repo/compare/v1.2.0...HEAD [1.2.0]: https://github.com/user/repo/compare/v1.1.0...v1.2.0 ``` ### 2. Conventional Commits ``` <type>[optional scope]: <description> [optional body] [optional footer(s)] ``` | Type | Description | Changelog Section | | ---------- | ---------------- | ------------------ | | `feat` | New feature | Added | | `fix` | Bug fix | Fixed | | `docs` | Documentation | (usually excluded) | | `style` | Formatting | (usually excluded) | | `refactor` | Code restructure | Changed | | `perf` | Performance | Changed | | `test` | Tests | (usually excluded) | | `chore` | Maintenance | (usually excluded) | | `ci` | CI changes | (usually excluded) | | `build` | Build system | (usually excluded) | | `revert` | Revert commit | Removed | ### 3. Semantic Versioning ``` MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH MAJOR: Breaking changes (feat! or BREAKING CHANGE) MINOR: New features (feat) PATCH: Bug fixes (fix) ``` ## Implementation ### Method 1: Conventional Changelog (Node.js) ```bash # Install tools npm install -D @commitlint/cli @commitlint/config-conventional npm install -D husky npm install -D standard-version # or npm install -D semantic-release # Setup commitlint cat > commitlint.config.js << 'EOF' module.exports = { extends: ['@commitlint/config-conventional'], rules: { 'type-enum': [ 2, 'always', [ 'feat', 'fix', 'docs', 'style', 'refactor', 'perf', 'test', 'chore', 'ci', 'build', 'revert', ], ], 'subject-case': [2, 'never', ['start-case', 'pascal-case', 'upper-case']], 'subject-max-length': [2, 'always', 72], }, }; EOF # Setup husky npx husky init echo "npx --no -- commitlint --edit \$1" > .husky/commit-msg ``` ### Method 2: standard-version Configuration ```javascript // .versionrc.js module.exports = { types: [ { type: "feat", section: "Features" }, { type: "fix", section: "Bug Fixes" }, { type: "perf", section: "Performance Improvements" }, { type: "revert", section: "Reverts" }, { type: "docs", section: "Documentation", hidden: true }, { type: "style", section: "Styles", hidden: true }, { type: "chore", section: "Miscellaneous", hidden: true }, { type: "refactor", section: "Code Refactoring", hidden: true }, { type: "test", section: "Tests", hidden: true }, { type: "build", section: "Build System", hidden: true }, { type: "ci", section: "CI/CD", hidden: true }, ], commitUrlFormat: "{{host}}/{{owner}}/{{repository}}/commit/{{hash}}", compareUrlFormat: "{{host}}/{{owner}}/{{repository}}/compare/{{previousTag}}...{{currentTag}}", issueUrlFormat: "{{host}}/{{owner}}/{{repository}}/issues/{{id}}", userUrlFormat: "{{host}}/{{user}}", releaseCommitMessageFormat: "chore(release): {{currentTag}}", scripts: { prebump: 'echo "Running prebump"', postbump: 'echo "Running postbump"', prechangelog: 'echo "Running prechangelog"', postchangelog: 'echo "Running postchangelog"', }, }; ``` ```json // package.json scripts { "scripts": { "release": "standard-version", "release:minor": "standard-version --release-as minor", "release:major": "standard-version --release-as major", "release:patch": "standard-version --release-as patch", "release:dry": "standard-version --dry-run" } } ``` ### Method 3: semantic-release (Full Automation) ```javascript // release.config.js module.exports = { branches: [ "main", { name: "beta", prerelease: true }, { name: "alpha", prerelease: true }, ], plugins: [ "@semantic-release/commit-analyzer", "@semantic-release/release-notes-generator", [ "@semantic-release/changelog", { changelogFile: "CHANGELOG.md", }, ], [ "@semantic-release/npm", { npmPublish: true, }, ], [ "@semantic-release/github", { assets: ["dist/**/*.js", "dist/**/*.css"], }, ], [ "@semantic-release/git", { assets: ["CHANGELOG.md", "package.json"], message: "chore(release): ${nextRelease.version} [skip ci]\n\n${nextRelease.notes}", }, ], ], }; ``` ### Method 4: GitHub Actions Workflow ```yaml # .github/workflows/release.yml name: Release on: push: branches: [main] workflow_dispatch: inputs: release_type: description: "Release type" required: true default: "patch" type: choice options: - patch - minor - major permissions: contents: write pull-requests: write jobs: release: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 with: fetch-depth: 0 token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} - uses: actions/setup-node@v4 with: node-version: "20" cache: "npm" - run: npm ci - name: Configure Git run: | git config user.name "github-actions[bot]" git config user.email "github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com" - name: Run semantic-release env: GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} NPM_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }} run: npx semantic-release # Alternative: manual release with standard-version manual-release: if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 with: fetch-depth: 0 - uses: actions/setup-node@v4 with: node-version: "20" - run: npm ci - name: Configure Git run: | git config user.name "github-actions[bot]" git config user.email "github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com" - name: Bump version and generate changelog run: npx standard-version --release-as ${{ inputs.release_type }} - name: Push changes run: git push --follow-tags origin main - name: Create GitHub Release uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1 with: tag_name: ${{ steps.version.outputs.tag }} body_path: RELEASE_NOTES.md generate_release_notes: true ``` ### Method 5: git-cliff (Rust-based, Fast) ```toml # cliff.toml [changelog] header = """ # Changelog All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. """ body = """ {% if version %}\ ## [{{ version | trim_start_matches(pat="v") }}] - {{ timestamp | date(format="%Y-%m-%d") }} {% else %}\ ## [Unreleased] {% endif %}\ {% for group, commits in commits | group_by(attribute="group") %} ### {{ group | upper_first }} {% for commit in commits %} - {% if commit.scope %}**{{ commit.scope }}:** {% endif %}\ {{ commit.message | upper_first }}\ {% if commit.github.pr_number %} ([#{{ commit.github.pr_number }}](https://github.com/owner/repo/pull/{{ commit.github.pr_number }})){% endif %}\ {% endfor %} {% endfor %} """ footer = """ {% for release in releases -%} {% if release.version -%} {% if release.previous.version -%} [{{ release.version | trim_start_matches(pat="v") }}]: \ https://github.com/owner/repo/compare/{{ release.previous.version }}...{{ release.version }} {% endif -%} {% else -%} [unreleased]: https://github.com/owner/repo/compare/{{ release.previous.version }}...HEAD {% endif -%} {% endfor %} """ trim = true [git] conventional_commits = true filter_unconventional = true split_commits = false commit_parsers = [ { message = "^feat", group = "Features" }, { message = "^fix", group = "Bug Fixes" }, { message = "^doc", group = "Documentation" }, { message = "^perf", group = "Performance" }, { message = "^refactor", group = "Refactoring" }, { message = "^style", group = "Styling" }, { message = "^test", group = "Testing" }, { message = "^chore\\(release\\)", skip = true }, { message = "^chore", group = "Miscellaneous" }, ] filter_commits = false tag_pattern = "v[0-9]*" skip_tags = "" ignore_tags = "" topo_order = false sort_commits = "oldest" [github] owner = "owner" repo = "repo" ``` ```bash # Generate changelog git cliff -o CHANGELOG.md # Generate for specific range git cliff v1.0.0..v2.0.0 -o RELEASE_NOTES.md # Preview without writing git cliff --unreleased --dry-run ``` ### Method 6: Python (commitizen) ```toml # pyproject.toml [tool.commitizen] name = "cz_conventional_commits" version = "1.0.0" version_files = [ "pyproject.toml:version", "src/__init__.py:__version__", ] tag_format = "v$version" update_changelog_on_bump = true changelog_incremental = true changelog_start_rev = "v0.1.0" [tool.commitizen.customize] message_template = "{{change_type}}{% if scope %}({{scope}}){% endif %}: {{message}}" schema = "<type>(<scope>): <subject>" schema_pattern = "^(feat|fix|docs|style|refactor|perf|test|chore)(\\(\\w+\\))?:\\s.*" bump_pattern = "^(feat|fix|perf|refactor)" bump_map = {"feat" = "MINOR", "fix" = "PATCH", "perf" = "PATCH", "refactor" = "PATCH"} ``` ```bash # Install pip install commitizen # Create commit interactively cz commit # Bump version and update changelog cz bump --changelog # Check commits cz check --rev-range HEAD~5..HEAD ``` ## Release Notes Templates ### GitHub Release Template ```markdown ## What's Changed ### 🚀 Features {{ range .Features }} - {{ .Title }} by @{{ .Author }} in #{{ .PR }} {{ end }} ### 🐛 Bug Fixes {{ range .Fixes }} - {{ .Title }} by @{{ .Author }} in #{{ .PR }} {{ end }} ### 📚 Documentation {{ range .Docs }} - {{ .Title }} by @{{ .Author }} in #{{ .PR }} {{ end }} ### 🔧 Maintenance {{ range .Chores }} - {{ .Title }} by @{{ .Author }} in #{{ .PR }} {{ end }} ## New Contributors {{ range .NewContributors }} - @{{ .Username }} made their first contribution in #{{ .PR }} {{ end }} **Full Changelog**: https://github.com/owner/repo/compare/v{{ .Previous }}...v{{ .Current }} ``` ### Internal Release Notes ```markdown # Release v2.1.0 - January 15, 2024 ## Summary This release introduces dark mode support and improves checkout performance by 40%. It also includes important security updates. ## Highlights ### 🌙 Dark Mode Users can now switch to dark mode from settings. The preference is automatically saved and synced across devices. ### ⚡ Performance - Checkout flow is 40% faster - Reduced bundle size by 15% ## Breaking Changes None in this release. ## Upgrade Guide No special steps required. Standard deployment process applies. ## Known Issues - Dark mode may flicker on initial load (fix scheduled for v2.1.1) ## Dependencies Updated | Package | From | To | Reason | | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------------------------ | | react | 18.2.0 | 18.3.0 | Performance improvements | | lodash | 4.17.20 | 4.17.21 | Security patch | ``` ## Commit Message Examples ```bash # Feature with scope feat(auth): add OAuth2 support for Google login # Bug fix with issue reference fix(checkout): resolve race condition in payment processing Closes #123 # Breaking change feat(api)!: change user endpoint response format BREAKING CHANGE: The user endpoint now returns `userId` instead of `id`. Migration guide: Update all API consumers to use the new field name. # Multiple paragraphs fix(database): handle connection timeouts gracefully Previously, connection timeouts would cause the entire request to fail without retry. This change implements exponential backoff with up to 3 retries before failing. The timeout threshold has been increased from 5s to 10s based on p99 latency analysis. Fixes #456 Reviewed-by: @alice ``` ## Best Practices ### Do's - **Follow Conventional Commits** - Enables automation - **Write clear messages** - Future you will thank you - **Reference issues** - Link commits to tickets - **Use scopes consistently** - Define team conventions - **Automate releases** - Reduce manual errors ### Don'ts - **Don't mix changes** - One logical change per commit - **Don't skip validation** - Use commitlint - **Don't manual edit** - Generated changelogs only - **Don't forget breaking changes** - Mark with `!` or footer - **Don't ignore CI** - Validate commits in pipeline ## Resources - [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/) - [Conventional Commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/) - [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/) - [semantic-release](https://semantic-release.gitbook.io/) - [git-cliff](https://git-cliff.org/)

# Unity ECS Patterns Production patterns for Unity's Data-Oriented Technology Stack (DOTS) including Entity Component System, Job System, and Burst Compiler. ## When to Use This Skill - Building high-performance Unity games - Managing thousands of entities efficiently - Implementing data-oriented game systems - Optimizing CPU-bound game logic - Converting OOP game code to ECS - Using Jobs and Burst for parallelization ## Core Concepts ### 1. ECS vs OOP | Aspect | Traditional OOP | ECS/DOTS | | ----------- | ----------------- | --------------- | | Data layout | Object-oriented | Data-oriented | | Memory | Scattered | Contiguous | | Processing | Per-object | Batched | | Scaling | Poor with count | Linear scaling | | Best for | Complex behaviors | Mass simulation | ### 2. DOTS Components ``` Entity: Lightweight ID (no data) Component: Pure data (no behavior) System: Logic that processes components World: Container for entities Archetype: Unique combination of components Chunk: Memory block for same-archetype entities ``` ## Patterns ### Pattern 1: Basic ECS Setup ```csharp using Unity.Entities; using Unity.Mathematics; using Unity.Transforms; using Unity.Burst; using Unity.Collections; // Component: Pure data, no methods public struct Speed : IComponentData { public float Value; } public struct Health : IComponentData { public float Current; public float Max; } public struct Target : IComponentData { public Entity Value; } // Tag component (zero-size marker) public struct EnemyTag : IComponentData { } public struct PlayerTag : IComponentData { } // Buffer component (variable-size array) [InternalBufferCapacity(8)] public struct InventoryItem : IBufferElementData { public int ItemId; public int Quantity; } // Shared component (grouped entities) public struct TeamId : ISharedComponentData { public int Value; } ``` ### Pattern 2: Systems with ISystem (Recommended) ```csharp using Unity.Entities; using Unity.Transforms; using Unity.Mathematics; using Unity.Burst; // ISystem: Unmanaged, Burst-compatible, highest performance [BurstCompile] public partial struct MovementSystem : ISystem { [BurstCompile] public void OnCreate(ref SystemState state) { // Require components before system runs state.RequireForUpdate<Speed>(); } [BurstCompile] public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state) { float deltaTime = SystemAPI.Time.DeltaTime; // Simple foreach - auto-generates job foreach (var (transform, speed) in SystemAPI.Query<RefRW<LocalTransform>, RefRO<Speed>>()) { transform.ValueRW.Position += new float3(0, 0, speed.ValueRO.Value * deltaTime); } } [BurstCompile] public void OnDestroy(ref SystemState state) { } } // With explicit job for more control [BurstCompile] public partial struct MovementJobSystem : ISystem { [BurstCompile] public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state) { var job = new MoveJob { DeltaTime = SystemAPI.Time.DeltaTime }; state.Dependency = job.ScheduleParallel(state.Dependency); } } [BurstCompile] public partial struct MoveJob : IJobEntity { public float DeltaTime; void Execute(ref LocalTransform transform, in Speed speed) { transform.Position += new float3(0, 0, speed.Value * DeltaTime); } } ``` ### Pattern 3: Entity Queries ```csharp [BurstCompile] public partial struct QueryExamplesSystem : ISystem { private EntityQuery _enemyQuery; public void OnCreate(ref SystemState state) { // Build query manually for complex cases _enemyQuery = new EntityQueryBuilder(Allocator.Temp) .WithAll<EnemyTag, Health, LocalTransform>() .WithNone<Dead>() .WithOptions(EntityQueryOptions.FilterWriteGroup) .Build(ref state); } [BurstCompile] public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state) { // SystemAPI.Query - simplest approach foreach (var (health, entity) in SystemAPI.Query<RefRW<Health>>() .WithAll<EnemyTag>() .WithEntityAccess()) { if (health.ValueRO.Current <= 0) { // Mark for destruction SystemAPI.GetSingleton<EndSimulationEntityCommandBufferSystem.Singleton>() .CreateCommandBuffer(state.WorldUnmanaged) .DestroyEntity(entity); } } // Get count int enemyCount = _enemyQuery.CalculateEntityCount(); // Get all entities var enemies = _enemyQuery.ToEntityArray(Allocator.Temp); // Get component arrays var healths = _enemyQuery.ToComponentDataArray<Health>(Allocator.Temp); } } ``` ### Pattern 4: Entity Command Buffers (Structural Changes) ```csharp // Structural changes (create/destroy/add/remove) require command buffers [BurstCompile] [UpdateInGroup(typeof(SimulationSystemGroup))] public partial struct SpawnSystem : ISystem { [BurstCompile] public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state) { var ecbSingleton = SystemAPI.GetSingleton<BeginSimulationEntityCommandBufferSystem.Singleton>(); var ecb = ecbSingleton.CreateCommandBuffer(state.WorldUnmanaged); foreach (var (spawner, transform) in SystemAPI.Query<RefRW<Spawner>, RefRO<LocalTransform>>()) { spawner.ValueRW.Timer -= SystemAPI.Time.DeltaTime; if (spawner.ValueRO.Timer <= 0) { spawner.ValueRW.Timer = spawner.ValueRO.Interval; // Create entity (deferred until sync point) Entity newEntity = ecb.Instantiate(spawner.ValueRO.Prefab); // Set component values ecb.SetComponent(newEntity, new LocalTransform { Position = transform.ValueRO.Position, Rotation = quaternion.identity, Scale = 1f }); // Add component ecb.AddComponent(newEntity, new Speed { Value = 5f }); } } } } // Parallel ECB usage [BurstCompile] public partial struct ParallelSpawnJob : IJobEntity { public EntityCommandBuffer.ParallelWriter ECB; void Execute([EntityIndexInQuery] int index, in Spawner spawner) { Entity e = ECB.Instantiate(index, spawner.Prefab); ECB.AddComponent(index, e, new Speed { Value = 5f }); } } ``` ### Pattern 5: Aspect (Grouping Components) ```csharp using Unity.Entities; using Unity.Transforms; using Unity.Mathematics; // Aspect: Groups related components for cleaner code public readonly partial struct CharacterAspect : IAspect { public readonly Entity Entity; private readonly RefRW<LocalTransform> _transform; private readonly RefRO<Speed> _speed; private readonly RefRW<Health> _health; // Optional component [Optional] private readonly RefRO<Shield> _shield; // Buffer private readonly DynamicBuffer<InventoryItem> _inventory; public float3 Position { get => _transform.ValueRO.Position; set => _transform.ValueRW.Position = value; } public float CurrentHealth => _health.ValueRO.Current; public float MaxHealth => _health.ValueRO.Max; public float MoveSpeed => _speed.ValueRO.Value; public bool HasShield => _shield.IsValid; public float ShieldAmount => HasShield ? _shield.ValueRO.Amount : 0f; public void TakeDamage(float amount) { float remaining = amount; if (HasShield && _shield.ValueRO.Amount > 0) { // Shield absorbs damage first remaining = math.max(0, amount - _shield.ValueRO.Amount); } _health.ValueRW.Current = math.max(0, _health.ValueRO.Current - remaining); } public void Move(float3 direction, float deltaTime) { _transform.ValueRW.Position += direction * _speed.ValueRO.Value * deltaTime; } public void AddItem(int itemId, int quantity) { _inventory.Add(new InventoryItem { ItemId = itemId, Quantity = quantity }); } } // Using aspect in system [BurstCompile] public partial struct CharacterSystem : ISystem { [BurstCompile] public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state) { float dt = SystemAPI.Time.DeltaTime; foreach (var character in SystemAPI.Query<CharacterAspect>()) { character.Move(new float3(1, 0, 0), dt); if (character.CurrentHealth < character.MaxHealth * 0.5f) { // Low health logic } } } } ``` ### Pattern 6: Singleton Components ```csharp // Singleton: Exactly one entity with this component public struct GameConfig : IComponentData { public float DifficultyMultiplier; public int MaxEnemies; public float SpawnRate; } public struct GameState : IComponentData { public int Score; public int Wave; public float TimeRemaining; } // Create singleton on world creation public partial struct GameInitSystem : ISystem { public void OnCreate(ref SystemState state) { var entity = state.EntityManager.CreateEntity(); state.EntityManager.AddComponentData(entity, new GameConfig { DifficultyMultiplier = 1.0f, MaxEnemies = 100, SpawnRate = 2.0f }); state.EntityManager.AddComponentData(entity, new GameState { Score = 0, Wave = 1, TimeRemaining = 120f }); } } // Access singleton in system [BurstCompile] public partial struct ScoreSystem : ISystem { [BurstCompile] public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state) { // Read singleton var config = SystemAPI.GetSingleton<GameConfig>(); // Write singleton ref var gameState = ref SystemAPI.GetSingletonRW<GameState>().ValueRW; gameState.TimeRemaining -= SystemAPI.Time.DeltaTime; // Check exists if (SystemAPI.HasSingleton<GameConfig>()) { // ... } } } ``` ### Pattern 7: Baking (Converting GameObjects) ```csharp using Unity.Entities; using UnityEngine; // Authoring component (MonoBehaviour in Editor) public class EnemyAuthoring : MonoBehaviour { public float Speed = 5f; public float Health = 100f; public GameObject ProjectilePrefab; class Baker : Baker<EnemyAuthoring> { public override void Bake(EnemyAuthoring authoring) { var entity = GetEntity(TransformUsageFlags.Dynamic); AddComponent(entity, new Speed { Value = authoring.Speed }); AddComponent(entity, new Health { Current = authoring.Health, Max = authoring.Health }); AddComponent(entity, new EnemyTag()); if (authoring.ProjectilePrefab != null) { AddComponent(entity, new ProjectilePrefab { Value = GetEntity(authoring.ProjectilePrefab, TransformUsageFlags.Dynamic) }); } } } } // Complex baking with dependencies public class SpawnerAuthoring : MonoBehaviour { public GameObject[] Prefabs; public float Interval = 1f; class Baker : Baker<SpawnerAuthoring> { public override void Bake(SpawnerAuthoring authoring) { var entity = GetEntity(TransformUsageFlags.Dynamic); AddComponent(entity, new Spawner { Interval = authoring.Interval, Timer = 0f }); // Bake buffer of prefabs var buffer = AddBuffer<SpawnPrefabElement>(entity); foreach (var prefab in authoring.Prefabs) { buffer.Add(new SpawnPrefabElement { Prefab = GetEntity(prefab, TransformUsageFlags.Dynamic) }); } // Declare dependencies DependsOn(authoring.Prefabs); } } } ``` ### Pattern 8: Jobs with Native Collections ```csharp using Unity.Jobs; using Unity.Collections; using Unity.Burst; using Unity.Mathematics; [BurstCompile] public struct SpatialHashJob : IJobParallelFor { [ReadOnly] public NativeArray<float3> Positions; // Thread-safe write to hash map public NativeParallelMultiHashMap<int, int>.ParallelWriter HashMap; public float CellSize; public void Execute(int index) { float3 pos = Positions[index]; int hash = GetHash(pos); HashMap.Add(hash, index); } int GetHash(float3 pos) { int x = (int)math.floor(pos.x / CellSize); int y = (int)math.floor(pos.y / CellSize); int z = (int)math.floor(pos.z / CellSize); return x * 73856093 ^ y * 19349663 ^ z * 83492791; } } [BurstCompile] public partial struct SpatialHashSystem : ISystem { private NativeParallelMultiHashMap<int, int> _hashMap; public void OnCreate(ref SystemState state) { _hashMap = new NativeParallelMultiHashMap<int, int>(10000, Allocator.Persistent); } public void OnDestroy(ref SystemState state) { _hashMap.Dispose(); } [BurstCompile] public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state) { var query = SystemAPI.QueryBuilder() .WithAll<LocalTransform>() .Build(); int count = query.CalculateEntityCount(); // Resize if needed if (_hashMap.Capacity < count) { _hashMap.Capacity = count * 2; } _hashMap.Clear(); // Get positions var positions = query.ToComponentDataArray<LocalTransform>(Allocator.TempJob); var posFloat3 = new NativeArray<float3>(count, Allocator.TempJob); for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { posFloat3[i] = positions[i].Position; } // Build hash map var hashJob = new SpatialHashJob { Positions = posFloat3, HashMap = _hashMap.AsParallelWriter(), CellSize = 10f }; state.Dependency = hashJob.Schedule(count, 64, state.Dependency); // Cleanup positions.Dispose(state.Dependency); posFloat3.Dispose(state.Dependency); } } ``` ## Performance Tips ```csharp // 1. Use Burst everywhere [BurstCompile] public partial struct MySystem : ISystem { } // 2. Prefer IJobEntity over manual iteration [BurstCompile] partial struct OptimizedJob : IJobEntity { void Execute(ref LocalTransform transform) { } } // 3. Schedule parallel when possible state.Dependency = job.ScheduleParallel(state.Dependency); // 4. Use ScheduleParallel with chunk iteration [BurstCompile] partial struct ChunkJob : IJobChunk { public ComponentTypeHandle<Health> HealthHandle; public void Execute(in ArchetypeChunk chunk, int unfilteredChunkIndex, bool useEnabledMask, in v128 chunkEnabledMask) { var healths = chunk.GetNativeArray(ref HealthHandle); for (int i = 0; i < chunk.Count; i++) { // Process } } } // 5. Avoid structural changes in hot paths // Use enableable components instead of add/remove public struct Disabled : IComponentData, IEnableableComponent { } ``` ## Best Practices ### Do's - **Use ISystem over SystemBase** - Better performance - **Burst compile everything** - Massive speedup - **Batch structural changes** - Use ECB - **Profile with Profiler** - Identify bottlenecks - **Use Aspects** - Clean component grouping ### Don'ts - **Don't use managed types** - Breaks Burst - **Don't structural change in jobs** - Use ECB - **Don't over-architect** - Start simple - **Don't ignore chunk utilization** - Group similar entities - **Don't forget disposal** - Native collections leak ## Resources - [Unity DOTS Documentation](https://docs.unity3d.com/Packages/com.unity.entities@latest) - [Unity DOTS Samples](https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/EntityComponentSystemSamples) - [Burst User Guide](https://docs.unity3d.com/Packages/com.unity.burst@latest)

# Employment Contract Templates Templates and patterns for creating legally sound employment documentation including contracts, offer letters, and HR policies. ## When to Use This Skill - Drafting employment contracts - Creating offer letters - Writing employee handbooks - Developing HR policies - Standardizing employment documentation - Onboarding documentation ## Core Concepts ### 1. Employment Document Types | Document | Purpose | When Used | | ----------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------- | | **Offer Letter** | Initial job offer | Pre-hire | | **Employment Contract** | Formal agreement | Hire | | **Employee Handbook** | Policies & procedures | Onboarding | | **NDA** | Confidentiality | Before access | | **Non-Compete** | Competition restriction | Hire/Exit | ### 2. Key Legal Considerations ``` Employment Relationship: ├── At-Will vs. Contract ├── Employee vs. Contractor ├── Full-Time vs. Part-Time ├── Exempt vs. Non-Exempt └── Jurisdiction-Specific Requirements ``` **DISCLAIMER: These templates are for informational purposes only and do not constitute legal advice. Consult with qualified legal counsel before using any employment documents.** ## Templates ### Template 1: Offer Letter ```markdown # EMPLOYMENT OFFER LETTER [Company Letterhead] Date: [DATE] [Candidate Name] [Address] [City, State ZIP] Dear [Candidate Name], We are pleased to extend an offer of employment for the position of [JOB TITLE] at [COMPANY NAME]. We believe your skills and experience will be valuable additions to our team. ## Position Details **Title:** [Job Title] **Department:** [Department] **Reports To:** [Manager Name/Title] **Location:** [Office Location / Remote] **Start Date:** [Proposed Start Date] **Employment Type:** [Full-Time/Part-Time], [Exempt/Non-Exempt] ## Compensation **Base Salary:** $[AMOUNT] per [year/hour], paid [bi-weekly/semi-monthly/monthly] **Bonus:** [Eligible for annual bonus of up to X% based on company and individual performance / Not applicable] **Equity:** [X shares of stock options vesting over 4 years with 1-year cliff / Not applicable] ## Benefits You will be eligible for our standard benefits package, including: - Health insurance (medical, dental, vision) effective [date] - 401(k) with [X]% company match - [x] days paid time off per year - [x] paid holidays - [Other benefits] Full details will be provided during onboarding. ## Contingencies This offer is contingent upon: - Successful completion of background check - Verification of your right to work in [Country] - Execution of required employment documents including: - Confidentiality Agreement - [Non-Compete Agreement, if applicable] - [IP Assignment Agreement] ## At-Will Employment Please note that employment with [Company Name] is at-will. This means that either you or the Company may terminate the employment relationship at any time, with or without cause or notice. This offer letter does not constitute a contract of employment for any specific period. ## Acceptance To accept this offer, please sign below and return by [DEADLINE DATE]. This offer will expire if not accepted by that date. We are excited about the possibility of you joining our team. If you have any questions, please contact [HR Contact] at [email/phone]. Sincerely, --- [Hiring Manager Name] [Title] [Company Name] --- ## ACCEPTANCE I accept this offer of employment and agree to the terms stated above. Signature: ************\_************ Printed Name: ************\_************ Date: ************\_************ Anticipated Start Date: ************\_************ ``` ### Template 2: Employment Agreement (Contract Position) ```markdown # EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT This Employment Agreement ("Agreement") is entered into as of [DATE] ("Effective Date") by and between: **Employer:** [COMPANY LEGAL NAME], a [State] [corporation/LLC] with principal offices at [Address] ("Company") **Employee:** [EMPLOYEE NAME], an individual residing at [Address] ("Employee") ## 1. EMPLOYMENT 1.1 **Position.** The Company agrees to employ Employee as [JOB TITLE], reporting to [Manager Title]. Employee accepts such employment subject to the terms of this Agreement. 1.2 **Duties.** Employee shall perform duties consistent with their position, including but not limited to: - [Primary duty 1] - [Primary duty 2] - [Primary duty 3] - Other duties as reasonably assigned 1.3 **Best Efforts.** Employee agrees to devote their full business time, attention, and best efforts to the Company's business during employment. 1.4 **Location.** Employee's primary work location shall be [Location/Remote]. [Travel requirements, if any.] ## 2. TERM 2.1 **Employment Period.** This Agreement shall commence on [START DATE] and continue until terminated as provided herein. 2.2 **At-Will Employment.** [FOR AT-WILL STATES] Notwithstanding anything herein, employment is at-will and may be terminated by either party at any time, with or without cause or notice. [OR FOR FIXED TERM:] 2.2 **Fixed Term.** This Agreement is for a fixed term of [X] months/years, ending on [END DATE], unless terminated earlier as provided herein or extended by mutual written agreement. ## 3. COMPENSATION 3.1 **Base Salary.** Employee shall receive a base salary of $[AMOUNT] per year, payable in accordance with the Company's standard payroll practices, subject to applicable withholdings. 3.2 **Bonus.** Employee may be eligible for an annual discretionary bonus of up to [X]% of base salary, based on [criteria]. Bonus payments are at Company's sole discretion and require active employment at payment date. 3.3 **Equity.** [If applicable] Subject to Board approval and the Company's equity incentive plan, Employee shall be granted [X shares/options] under the terms of a separate Stock Option Agreement. 3.4 **Benefits.** Employee shall be entitled to participate in benefit plans offered to similarly situated employees, subject to plan terms and eligibility requirements. 3.5 **Expenses.** Company shall reimburse Employee for reasonable business expenses incurred in accordance with Company policy. ## 4. CONFIDENTIALITY 4.1 **Confidential Information.** Employee acknowledges access to confidential and proprietary information including: trade secrets, business plans, customer lists, financial data, technical information, and other non-public information ("Confidential Information"). 4.2 **Non-Disclosure.** During and after employment, Employee shall not disclose, use, or permit use of any Confidential Information except as required for their duties or with prior written consent. 4.3 **Return of Materials.** Upon termination, Employee shall immediately return all Company property and Confidential Information in any form. 4.4 **Survival.** Confidentiality obligations survive termination indefinitely for trade secrets and for [3] years for other Confidential Information. ## 5. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 5.1 **Work Product.** All inventions, discoveries, works, and developments created by Employee during employment, relating to Company's business, or using Company resources ("Work Product") shall be Company's sole property. 5.2 **Assignment.** Employee hereby assigns to Company all rights in Work Product, including all intellectual property rights. 5.3 **Assistance.** Employee agrees to execute documents and take actions necessary to perfect Company's rights in Work Product. 5.4 **Prior Inventions.** Attached as Exhibit A is a list of any prior inventions that Employee wishes to exclude from this Agreement. ## 6. NON-COMPETITION AND NON-SOLICITATION [NOTE: Enforceability varies by jurisdiction. Consult local counsel.] 6.1 **Non-Competition.** During employment and for [12] months after termination, Employee shall not, directly or indirectly, engage in any business competitive with Company's business within [Geographic Area]. 6.2 **Non-Solicitation of Customers.** During employment and for [12] months after termination, Employee shall not solicit any customer of the Company for competing products or services. 6.3 **Non-Solicitation of Employees.** During employment and for [12] months after termination, Employee shall not recruit or solicit any Company employee to leave Company employment. ## 7. TERMINATION 7.1 **By Company for Cause.** Company may terminate immediately for Cause, defined as: (a) Material breach of this Agreement (b) Conviction of a felony (c) Fraud, dishonesty, or gross misconduct (d) Failure to perform duties after written notice and cure period 7.2 **By Company Without Cause.** Company may terminate without Cause upon [30] days written notice. 7.3 **By Employee.** Employee may terminate upon [30] days written notice. 7.4 **Severance.** [If applicable] Upon termination without Cause, Employee shall receive [X] weeks base salary as severance, contingent upon execution of a release agreement. 7.5 **Effect of Termination.** Upon termination: - All compensation earned through termination date shall be paid - Unvested equity shall be forfeited - Benefits terminate per plan terms - Sections 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 survive termination ## 8. GENERAL PROVISIONS 8.1 **Entire Agreement.** This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all prior negotiations, representations, and agreements. 8.2 **Amendments.** This Agreement may be amended only by written agreement signed by both parties. 8.3 **Governing Law.** This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of [State], without regard to conflicts of law principles. 8.4 **Dispute Resolution.** [Arbitration clause or jurisdiction selection] 8.5 **Severability.** If any provision is unenforceable, it shall be modified to the minimum extent necessary, and remaining provisions shall remain in effect. 8.6 **Notices.** Notices shall be in writing and delivered to addresses above. 8.7 **Assignment.** Employee may not assign this Agreement. Company may assign to a successor. 8.8 **Waiver.** Failure to enforce any provision shall not constitute waiver. ## 9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Employee acknowledges: - Having read and understood this Agreement - Having opportunity to consult with counsel - Agreeing to all terms voluntarily --- IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the Effective Date. **[COMPANY NAME]** By: ************\_************ Name: [Authorized Signatory] Title: [Title] Date: ************\_************ **EMPLOYEE** Signature: ************\_************ Name: [Employee Name] Date: ************\_************ --- ## EXHIBIT A: PRIOR INVENTIONS [Employee to list any prior inventions, if any, or write "None"] --- ``` ### Template 3: Employee Handbook Policy Section ```markdown # EMPLOYEE HANDBOOK - POLICY SECTION ## EMPLOYMENT POLICIES ### Equal Employment Opportunity [Company Name] is an equal opportunity employer. We do not discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected characteristic. This policy applies to all employment practices including: - Recruitment and hiring - Compensation and benefits - Training and development - Promotions and transfers - Termination ### Anti-Harassment Policy [Company Name] is committed to providing a workplace free from harassment. Harassment based on any protected characteristic is strictly prohibited. **Prohibited Conduct Includes:** - Unwelcome sexual advances or requests for sexual favors - Offensive comments, jokes, or slurs - Physical conduct such as assault or unwanted touching - Visual conduct such as displaying offensive images - Threatening, intimidating, or hostile acts **Reporting Procedure:** 1. Report to your manager, HR, or any member of leadership 2. Reports may be made verbally or in writing 3. Anonymous reports are accepted via [hotline/email] **Investigation:** All reports will be promptly investigated. Retaliation against anyone who reports harassment is strictly prohibited and will result in disciplinary action up to termination. ### Work Hours and Attendance **Standard Hours:** [8:00 AM - 5:00 PM, Monday through Friday] **Core Hours:** [10:00 AM - 3:00 PM] - Employees expected to be available **Flexible Work:** [Policy on remote work, flexible scheduling] **Attendance Expectations:** - Notify your manager as soon as possible if you will be absent - Excessive unexcused absences may result in disciplinary action - [x] unexcused absences in [Y] days considered excessive ### Paid Time Off (PTO) **PTO Accrual:** | Years of Service | Annual PTO Days | |------------------|-----------------| | 0-2 years | 15 days | | 3-5 years | 20 days | | 6+ years | 25 days | **PTO Guidelines:** - PTO accrues per pay period - Maximum accrual: [X] days (use it or lose it after) - Request PTO at least [2] weeks in advance - Manager approval required - PTO may not be taken during [blackout periods] ### Sick Leave - [x] days sick leave per year - May be used for personal illness or family member care - Doctor's note required for absences exceeding [3] days ### Holidays The following paid holidays are observed: - New Year's Day - Martin Luther King Jr. Day - Presidents Day - Memorial Day - Independence Day - Labor Day - Thanksgiving Day - Day after Thanksgiving - Christmas Day - [Floating holiday] ### Code of Conduct All employees are expected to: - Act with integrity and honesty - Treat colleagues, customers, and partners with respect - Protect company confidential information - Avoid conflicts of interest - Comply with all laws and regulations - Report any violations of this code **Violations may result in disciplinary action up to and including termination.** ### Technology and Communication **Acceptable Use:** - Company technology is for business purposes - Limited personal use is permitted if it doesn't interfere with work - No illegal activities or viewing inappropriate content **Monitoring:** - Company reserves the right to monitor company systems - Employees should have no expectation of privacy on company devices **Security:** - Use strong passwords and enable 2FA - Report security incidents immediately - Lock devices when unattended ### Social Media Policy **Personal Social Media:** - Clearly state opinions are your own, not the company's - Do not share confidential company information - Be respectful and professional **Company Social Media:** - Only authorized personnel may post on behalf of the company - Follow brand guidelines - Escalate negative comments to [Marketing/PR] --- ## ACKNOWLEDGMENT I acknowledge that I have received a copy of the Employee Handbook and understand that: 1. I am responsible for reading and understanding its contents 2. The handbook does not create a contract of employment 3. Policies may be changed at any time at the company's discretion 4. Employment is at-will [if applicable] I agree to abide by the policies and procedures outlined in this handbook. Employee Signature: ************\_************ Employee Name (Print): ************\_************ Date: ************\_************ ``` ## Best Practices ### Do's - **Consult legal counsel** - Employment law varies by jurisdiction - **Keep copies signed** - Document all agreements - **Update regularly** - Laws and policies change - **Be clear and specific** - Avoid ambiguity - **Train managers** - On policies and procedures ### Don'ts - **Don't use generic templates** - Customize for your jurisdiction - **Don't make promises** - That could create implied contracts - **Don't discriminate** - In language or application - **Don't forget at-will language** - Where applicable - **Don't skip review** - Have legal counsel review all documents ## Resources - [SHRM Employment Templates](https://www.shrm.org/) - [Department of Labor](https://www.dol.gov/) - [EEOC Guidance](https://www.eeoc.gov/) - State-specific labor departments

# On-Call Handoff Patterns Effective patterns for on-call shift transitions, ensuring continuity, context transfer, and reliable incident response across shifts. ## When to Use This Skill - Transitioning on-call responsibilities - Writing shift handoff summaries - Documenting ongoing investigations - Establishing on-call rotation procedures - Improving handoff quality - Onboarding new on-call engineers ## Core Concepts ### 1. Handoff Components | Component | Purpose | | -------------------------- | ----------------------- | | **Active Incidents** | What's currently broken | | **Ongoing Investigations** | Issues being debugged | | **Recent Changes** | Deployments, configs | | **Known Issues** | Workarounds in place | | **Upcoming Events** | Maintenance, releases | ### 2. Handoff Timing ``` Recommended: 30 min overlap between shifts Outgoing: ├── 15 min: Write handoff document └── 15 min: Sync call with incoming Incoming: ├── 15 min: Review handoff document ├── 15 min: Sync call with outgoing └── 5 min: Verify alerting setup ``` ## Templates ### Template 1: Shift Handoff Document ````markdown # On-Call Handoff: Platform Team **Outgoing**: @alice (2024-01-15 to 2024-01-22) **Incoming**: @bob (2024-01-22 to 2024-01-29) **Handoff Time**: 2024-01-22 09:00 UTC --- ## 🔴 Active Incidents ### None currently active No active incidents at handoff time. --- ## 🟡 Ongoing Investigations ### 1. Intermittent API Timeouts (ENG-1234) **Status**: Investigating **Started**: 2024-01-20 **Impact**: ~0.1% of requests timing out **Context**: - Timeouts correlate with database backup window (02:00-03:00 UTC) - Suspect backup process causing lock contention - Added extra logging in PR #567 (deployed 01/21) **Next Steps**: - [ ] Review new logs after tonight's backup - [ ] Consider moving backup window if confirmed **Resources**: - Dashboard: [API Latency](https://grafana/d/api-latency) - Thread: #platform-eng (01/20, 14:32) --- ### 2. Memory Growth in Auth Service (ENG-1235) **Status**: Monitoring **Started**: 2024-01-18 **Impact**: None yet (proactive) **Context**: - Memory usage growing ~5% per day - No memory leak found in profiling - Suspect connection pool not releasing properly **Next Steps**: - [ ] Review heap dump from 01/21 - [ ] Consider restart if usage > 80% **Resources**: - Dashboard: [Auth Service Memory](https://grafana/d/auth-memory) - Analysis doc: [Memory Investigation](https://docs/eng-1235) --- ## 🟢 Resolved This Shift ### Payment Service Outage (2024-01-19) - **Duration**: 23 minutes - **Root Cause**: Database connection exhaustion - **Resolution**: Rolled back v2.3.4, increased pool size - **Postmortem**: [POSTMORTEM-89](https://docs/postmortem-89) - **Follow-up tickets**: ENG-1230, ENG-1231 --- ## 📋 Recent Changes ### Deployments | Service | Version | Time | Notes | | ------------ | ------- | ----------- | -------------------------- | | api-gateway | v3.2.1 | 01/21 14:00 | Bug fix for header parsing | | user-service | v2.8.0 | 01/20 10:00 | New profile features | | auth-service | v4.1.2 | 01/19 16:00 | Security patch | ### Configuration Changes - 01/21: Increased API rate limit from 1000 to 1500 RPS - 01/20: Updated database connection pool max from 50 to 75 ### Infrastructure - 01/20: Added 2 nodes to Kubernetes cluster - 01/19: Upgraded Redis from 6.2 to 7.0 --- ## ⚠️ Known Issues & Workarounds ### 1. Slow Dashboard Loading **Issue**: Grafana dashboards slow on Monday mornings **Workaround**: Wait 5 min after 08:00 UTC for cache warm-up **Ticket**: OPS-456 (P3) ### 2. Flaky Integration Test **Issue**: `test_payment_flow` fails intermittently in CI **Workaround**: Re-run failed job (usually passes on retry) **Ticket**: ENG-1200 (P2) --- ## 📅 Upcoming Events | Date | Event | Impact | Contact | | ----------- | -------------------- | ------------------- | ------------- | | 01/23 02:00 | Database maintenance | 5 min read-only | @dba-team | | 01/24 14:00 | Major release v5.0 | Monitor closely | @release-team | | 01/25 | Marketing campaign | 2x traffic expected | @platform | --- ## 📞 Escalation Reminders | Issue Type | First Escalation | Second Escalation | | --------------- | -------------------- | ----------------- | | Payment issues | @payments-oncall | @payments-manager | | Auth issues | @auth-oncall | @security-team | | Database issues | @dba-team | @infra-manager | | Unknown/severe | @engineering-manager | @vp-engineering | --- ## 🔧 Quick Reference ### Common Commands ```bash # Check service health kubectl get pods -A | grep -v Running # Recent deployments kubectl get events --sort-by='.lastTimestamp' | tail -20 # Database connections psql -c "SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_activity;" # Clear cache (emergency only) redis-cli FLUSHDB ``` ```` ### Important Links - [Runbooks](https://wiki/runbooks) - [Service Catalog](https://wiki/services) - [Incident Slack](https://slack.com/incidents) - [PagerDuty](https://pagerduty.com/schedules) --- ## Handoff Checklist ### Outgoing Engineer - [x] Document active incidents - [x] Document ongoing investigations - [x] List recent changes - [x] Note known issues - [x] Add upcoming events - [x] Sync with incoming engineer ### Incoming Engineer - [ ] Read this document - [ ] Join sync call - [ ] Verify PagerDuty is routing to you - [ ] Verify Slack notifications working - [ ] Check VPN/access working - [ ] Review critical dashboards ```` ### Template 2: Quick Handoff (Async) ```markdown # Quick Handoff: @alice → @bob ## TL;DR - No active incidents - 1 investigation ongoing (API timeouts, see ENG-1234) - Major release tomorrow (01/24) - be ready for issues ## Watch List 1. API latency around 02:00-03:00 UTC (backup window) 2. Auth service memory (restart if > 80%) ## Recent - Deployed api-gateway v3.2.1 yesterday (stable) - Increased rate limits to 1500 RPS ## Coming Up - 01/23 02:00 - DB maintenance (5 min read-only) - 01/24 14:00 - v5.0 release ## Questions? I'll be available on Slack until 17:00 today. ```` ### Template 3: Incident Handoff (Mid-Incident) ```markdown # INCIDENT HANDOFF: Payment Service Degradation **Incident Start**: 2024-01-22 08:15 UTC **Current Status**: Mitigating **Severity**: SEV2 --- ## Current State - Error rate: 15% (down from 40%) - Mitigation in progress: scaling up pods - ETA to resolution: ~30 min ## What We Know 1. Root cause: Memory pressure on payment-service pods 2. Triggered by: Unusual traffic spike (3x normal) 3. Contributing: Inefficient query in checkout flow ## What We've Done - Scaled payment-service from 5 → 15 pods - Enabled rate limiting on checkout endpoint - Disabled non-critical features ## What Needs to Happen 1. Monitor error rate - should reach <1% in ~15 min 2. If not improving, escalate to @payments-manager 3. Once stable, begin root cause investigation ## Key People - Incident Commander: @alice (handing off) - Comms Lead: @charlie - Technical Lead: @bob (incoming) ## Communication - Status page: Updated at 08:45 - Customer support: Notified - Exec team: Aware ## Resources - Incident channel: #inc-20240122-payment - Dashboard: [Payment Service](https://grafana/d/payments) - Runbook: [Payment Degradation](https://wiki/runbooks/payments) --- **Incoming on-call (@bob) - Please confirm you have:** - [ ] Joined #inc-20240122-payment - [ ] Access to dashboards - [ ] Understand current state - [ ] Know escalation path ``` ## Handoff Sync Meeting ### Agenda (15 minutes) ```markdown ## Handoff Sync: @alice → @bob 1. **Active Issues** (5 min) - Walk through any ongoing incidents - Discuss investigation status - Transfer context and theories 2. **Recent Changes** (3 min) - Deployments to watch - Config changes - Known regressions 3. **Upcoming Events** (3 min) - Maintenance windows - Expected traffic changes - Releases planned 4. **Questions** (4 min) - Clarify anything unclear - Confirm access and alerting - Exchange contact info ``` ## On-Call Best Practices ### Before Your Shift ```markdown ## Pre-Shift Checklist ### Access Verification - [ ] VPN working - [ ] kubectl access to all clusters - [ ] Database read access - [ ] Log aggregator access (Splunk/Datadog) - [ ] PagerDuty app installed and logged in ### Alerting Setup - [ ] PagerDuty schedule shows you as primary - [ ] Phone notifications enabled - [ ] Slack notifications for incident channels - [ ] Test alert received and acknowledged ### Knowledge Refresh - [ ] Review recent incidents (past 2 weeks) - [ ] Check service changelog - [ ] Skim critical runbooks - [ ] Know escalation contacts ### Environment Ready - [ ] Laptop charged and accessible - [ ] Phone charged - [ ] Quiet space available for calls - [ ] Secondary contact identified (if traveling) ``` ### During Your Shift ```markdown ## Daily On-Call Routine ### Morning (start of day) - [ ] Check overnight alerts - [ ] Review dashboards for anomalies - [ ] Check for any P0/P1 tickets created - [ ] Skim incident channels for context ### Throughout Day - [ ] Respond to alerts within SLA - [ ] Document investigation progress - [ ] Update team on significant issues - [ ] Triage incoming pages ### End of Day - [ ] Hand off any active issues - [ ] Update investigation docs - [ ] Note anything for next shift ``` ### After Your Shift ```markdown ## Post-Shift Checklist - [ ] Complete handoff document - [ ] Sync with incoming on-call - [ ] Verify PagerDuty routing changed - [ ] Close/update investigation tickets - [ ] File postmortems for any incidents - [ ] Take time off if shift was stressful ``` ## Escalation Guidelines ### When to Escalate ```markdown ## Escalation Triggers ### Immediate Escalation - SEV1 incident declared - Data breach suspected - Unable to diagnose within 30 min - Customer or legal escalation received ### Consider Escalation - Issue spans multiple teams - Requires expertise you don't have - Business impact exceeds threshold - You're uncertain about next steps ### How to Escalate 1. Page the appropriate escalation path 2. Provide brief context in Slack 3. Stay engaged until escalation acknowledges 4. Hand off cleanly, don't just disappear ``` ## Best Practices ### Do's - **Document everything** - Future you will thank you - **Escalate early** - Better safe than sorry - **Take breaks** - Alert fatigue is real - **Keep handoffs synchronous** - Async loses context - **Test your setup** - Before incidents, not during ### Don'ts - **Don't skip handoffs** - Context loss causes incidents - **Don't hero** - Escalate when needed - **Don't ignore alerts** - Even if they seem minor - **Don't work sick** - Swap shifts instead - **Don't disappear** - Stay reachable during shift ## Resources - [Google SRE - Being On-Call](https://sre.google/sre-book/being-on-call/) - [PagerDuty On-Call Guide](https://www.pagerduty.com/resources/learn/on-call-management/) - [Increment On-Call Issue](https://increment.com/on-call/)

# Web3 Smart Contract Testing Master comprehensive testing strategies for smart contracts using Hardhat, Foundry, and advanced testing patterns. ## When to Use This Skill - Writing unit tests for smart contracts - Setting up integration test suites - Performing gas optimization testing - Fuzzing for edge cases - Forking mainnet for realistic testing - Automating test coverage reporting - Verifying contracts on Etherscan ## Hardhat Testing Setup ```javascript // hardhat.config.js require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox"); require("@nomiclabs/hardhat-etherscan"); require("hardhat-gas-reporter"); require("solidity-coverage"); module.exports = { solidity: { version: "0.8.19", settings: { optimizer: { enabled: true, runs: 200, }, }, }, networks: { hardhat: { forking: { url: process.env.MAINNET_RPC_URL, blockNumber: 15000000, }, }, goerli: { url: process.env.GOERLI_RPC_URL, accounts: [process.env.PRIVATE_KEY], }, }, gasReporter: { enabled: true, currency: "USD", coinmarketcap: process.env.COINMARKETCAP_API_KEY, }, etherscan: { apiKey: process.env.ETHERSCAN_API_KEY, }, }; ``` ## Unit Testing Patterns ```javascript const { expect } = require("chai"); const { ethers } = require("hardhat"); const { loadFixture, time, } = require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-network-helpers"); describe("Token Contract", function () { // Fixture for test setup async function deployTokenFixture() { const [owner, addr1, addr2] = await ethers.getSigners(); const Token = await ethers.getContractFactory("Token"); const token = await Token.deploy(); return { token, owner, addr1, addr2 }; } describe("Deployment", function () { it("Should set the right owner", async function () { const { token, owner } = await loadFixture(deployTokenFixture); expect(await token.owner()).to.equal(owner.address); }); it("Should assign total supply to owner", async function () { const { token, owner } = await loadFixture(deployTokenFixture); const ownerBalance = await token.balanceOf(owner.address); expect(await token.totalSupply()).to.equal(ownerBalance); }); }); describe("Transactions", function () { it("Should transfer tokens between accounts", async function () { const { token, owner, addr1 } = await loadFixture(deployTokenFixture); await expect(token.transfer(addr1.address, 50)).to.changeTokenBalances( token, [owner, addr1], [-50, 50], ); }); it("Should fail if sender doesn't have enough tokens", async function () { const { token, addr1 } = await loadFixture(deployTokenFixture); const initialBalance = await token.balanceOf(addr1.address); await expect( token.connect(addr1).transfer(owner.address, 1), ).to.be.revertedWith("Insufficient balance"); }); it("Should emit Transfer event", async function () { const { token, owner, addr1 } = await loadFixture(deployTokenFixture); await expect(token.transfer(addr1.address, 50)) .to.emit(token, "Transfer") .withArgs(owner.address, addr1.address, 50); }); }); describe("Time-based tests", function () { it("Should handle time-locked operations", async function () { const { token } = await loadFixture(deployTokenFixture); // Increase time by 1 day await time.increase(86400); // Test time-dependent functionality }); }); describe("Gas optimization", function () { it("Should use gas efficiently", async function () { const { token } = await loadFixture(deployTokenFixture); const tx = await token.transfer(addr1.address, 100); const receipt = await tx.wait(); expect(receipt.gasUsed).to.be.lessThan(50000); }); }); }); ``` ## Foundry Testing (Forge) ```solidity // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; import "forge-std/Test.sol"; import "../src/Token.sol"; contract TokenTest is Test { Token token; address owner = address(1); address user1 = address(2); address user2 = address(3); function setUp() public { vm.prank(owner); token = new Token(); } function testInitialSupply() public { assertEq(token.totalSupply(), 1000000 * 10**18); } function testTransfer() public { vm.prank(owner); token.transfer(user1, 100); assertEq(token.balanceOf(user1), 100); assertEq(token.balanceOf(owner), token.totalSupply() - 100); } function testFailTransferInsufficientBalance() public { vm.prank(user1); token.transfer(user2, 100); // Should fail } function testCannotTransferToZeroAddress() public { vm.prank(owner); vm.expectRevert("Invalid recipient"); token.transfer(address(0), 100); } // Fuzzing test function testFuzzTransfer(uint256 amount) public { vm.assume(amount > 0 && amount <= token.totalSupply()); vm.prank(owner); token.transfer(user1, amount); assertEq(token.balanceOf(user1), amount); } // Test with cheatcodes function testDealAndPrank() public { // Give ETH to address vm.deal(user1, 10 ether); // Impersonate address vm.prank(user1); // Test functionality assertEq(user1.balance, 10 ether); } // Mainnet fork test function testForkMainnet() public { vm.createSelectFork("https://eth-mainnet.alchemyapi.io/v2/..."); // Interact with mainnet contracts address dai = 0x6B175474E89094C44Da98b954EedeAC495271d0F; assertEq(IERC20(dai).symbol(), "DAI"); } } ``` ## Advanced Testing Patterns ### Snapshot and Revert ```javascript describe("Complex State Changes", function () { let snapshotId; beforeEach(async function () { snapshotId = await network.provider.send("evm_snapshot"); }); afterEach(async function () { await network.provider.send("evm_revert", [snapshotId]); }); it("Test 1", async function () { // Make state changes }); it("Test 2", async function () { // State reverted, clean slate }); }); ``` ### Mainnet Forking ```javascript describe("Mainnet Fork Tests", function () { let uniswapRouter, dai, usdc; before(async function () { await network.provider.request({ method: "hardhat_reset", params: [ { forking: { jsonRpcUrl: process.env.MAINNET_RPC_URL, blockNumber: 15000000, }, }, ], }); // Connect to existing mainnet contracts uniswapRouter = await ethers.getContractAt( "IUniswapV2Router", "0x7a250d5630B4cF539739dF2C5dAcb4c659F2488D", ); dai = await ethers.getContractAt( "IERC20", "0x6B175474E89094C44Da98b954EedeAC495271d0F", ); }); it("Should swap on Uniswap", async function () { // Test with real Uniswap contracts }); }); ``` ### Impersonating Accounts ```javascript it("Should impersonate whale account", async function () { const whaleAddress = "0x..."; await network.provider.request({ method: "hardhat_impersonateAccount", params: [whaleAddress], }); const whale = await ethers.getSigner(whaleAddress); // Use whale's tokens await dai .connect(whale) .transfer(addr1.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")); }); ``` ## Gas Optimization Testing ```javascript const { expect } = require("chai"); describe("Gas Optimization", function () { it("Compare gas usage between implementations", async function () { const Implementation1 = await ethers.getContractFactory("OptimizedContract"); const Implementation2 = await ethers.getContractFactory( "UnoptimizedContract", ); const contract1 = await Implementation1.deploy(); const contract2 = await Implementation2.deploy(); const tx1 = await contract1.doSomething(); const receipt1 = await tx1.wait(); const tx2 = await contract2.doSomething(); const receipt2 = await tx2.wait(); console.log("Optimized gas:", receipt1.gasUsed.toString()); console.log("Unoptimized gas:", receipt2.gasUsed.toString()); expect(receipt1.gasUsed).to.be.lessThan(receipt2.gasUsed); }); }); ``` ## Coverage Reporting ```bash # Generate coverage report npx hardhat coverage # Output shows: # File | % Stmts | % Branch | % Funcs | % Lines | # -------------------|---------|----------|---------|---------| # contracts/Token.sol | 100 | 90 | 100 | 95 | ``` ## Contract Verification ```javascript // Verify on Etherscan await hre.run("verify:verify", { address: contractAddress, constructorArguments: [arg1, arg2], }); ``` ```bash # Or via CLI npx hardhat verify --network mainnet CONTRACT_ADDRESS "Constructor arg1" "arg2" ``` ## CI/CD Integration ```yaml # .github/workflows/test.yml name: Tests on: [push, pull_request] jobs: test: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v2 - uses: actions/setup-node@v2 with: node-version: "16" - run: npm install - run: npx hardhat compile - run: npx hardhat test - run: npx hardhat coverage - name: Upload coverage to Codecov uses: codecov/codecov-action@v2 ``` ## Resources - **references/hardhat-setup.md**: Hardhat configuration guide - **references/foundry-setup.md**: Foundry testing framework - **references/test-patterns.md**: Testing best practices - **references/mainnet-forking.md**: Fork testing strategies - **references/contract-verification.md**: Etherscan verification - **assets/hardhat-config.js**: Complete Hardhat configuration - **assets/test-suite.js**: Comprehensive test examples - **assets/foundry.toml**: Foundry configuration - **scripts/test-contract.sh**: Automated testing script ## Best Practices 1. **Test Coverage**: Aim for >90% coverage 2. **Edge Cases**: Test boundary conditions 3. **Gas Limits**: Verify functions don't hit block gas limit 4. **Reentrancy**: Test for reentrancy vulnerabilities 5. **Access Control**: Test unauthorized access attempts 6. **Events**: Verify event emissions 7. **Fixtures**: Use fixtures to avoid code duplication 8. **Mainnet Fork**: Test with real contracts 9. **Fuzzing**: Use property-based testing 10. **CI/CD**: Automate testing on every commit

# Helm Chart Scaffolding Comprehensive guidance for creating, organizing, and managing Helm charts for packaging and deploying Kubernetes applications. ## Purpose This skill provides step-by-step instructions for building production-ready Helm charts, including chart structure, templating patterns, values management, and validation strategies. ## When to Use This Skill Use this skill when you need to: - Create new Helm charts from scratch - Package Kubernetes applications for distribution - Manage multi-environment deployments with Helm - Implement templating for reusable Kubernetes manifests - Set up Helm chart repositories - Follow Helm best practices and conventions ## Helm Overview **Helm** is the package manager for Kubernetes that: - Templates Kubernetes manifests for reusability - Manages application releases and rollbacks - Handles dependencies between charts - Provides version control for deployments - Simplifies configuration management across environments ## Step-by-Step Workflow ### 1. Initialize Chart Structure **Create new chart:** ```bash helm create my-app ``` **Standard chart structure:** ``` my-app/ ├── Chart.yaml # Chart metadata ├── values.yaml # Default configuration values ├── charts/ # Chart dependencies ├── templates/ # Kubernetes manifest templates │ ├── NOTES.txt # Post-install notes │ ├── _helpers.tpl # Template helpers │ ├── deployment.yaml │ ├── service.yaml │ ├── ingress.yaml │ ├── serviceaccount.yaml │ ├── hpa.yaml │ └── tests/ │ └── test-connection.yaml └── .helmignore # Files to ignore ``` ### 2. Configure Chart.yaml **Chart metadata defines the package:** ```yaml apiVersion: v2 name: my-app description: A Helm chart for My Application type: application version: 1.0.0 # Chart version appVersion: "2.1.0" # Application version # Keywords for chart discovery keywords: - web - api - backend # Maintainer information maintainers: - name: DevOps Team email: devops@example.com url: https://github.com/example/my-app # Source code repository sources: - https://github.com/example/my-app # Homepage home: https://example.com # Chart icon icon: https://example.com/icon.png # Dependencies dependencies: - name: postgresql version: "12.0.0" repository: "https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami" condition: postgresql.enabled - name: redis version: "17.0.0" repository: "https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami" condition: redis.enabled ``` **Reference:** See `assets/Chart.yaml.template` for complete example ### 3. Design values.yaml Structure **Organize values hierarchically:** ```yaml # Image configuration image: repository: myapp tag: "1.0.0" pullPolicy: IfNotPresent # Number of replicas replicaCount: 3 # Service configuration service: type: ClusterIP port: 80 targetPort: 8080 # Ingress configuration ingress: enabled: false className: nginx hosts: - host: app.example.com paths: - path: / pathType: Prefix # Resources resources: requests: memory: "256Mi" cpu: "250m" limits: memory: "512Mi" cpu: "500m" # Autoscaling autoscaling: enabled: false minReplicas: 2 maxReplicas: 10 targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 80 # Environment variables env: - name: LOG_LEVEL value: "info" # ConfigMap data configMap: data: APP_MODE: production # Dependencies postgresql: enabled: true auth: database: myapp username: myapp redis: enabled: false ``` **Reference:** See `assets/values.yaml.template` for complete structure ### 4. Create Template Files **Use Go templating with Helm functions:** **templates/deployment.yaml:** ```yaml apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: {{ include "my-app.fullname" . }} labels: {{- include "my-app.labels" . | nindent 4 }} spec: {{- if not .Values.autoscaling.enabled }} replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }} {{- end }} selector: matchLabels: {{- include "my-app.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }} template: metadata: labels: {{- include "my-app.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }} spec: containers: - name: {{ .Chart.Name }} image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag | default .Chart.AppVersion }}" imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy }} ports: - name: http containerPort: {{ .Values.service.targetPort }} resources: {{- toYaml .Values.resources | nindent 12 }} env: {{- toYaml .Values.env | nindent 12 }} ``` ### 5. Create Template Helpers **templates/\_helpers.tpl:** ```yaml {{/* Expand the name of the chart. */}} {{- define "my-app.name" -}} {{- default .Chart.Name .Values.nameOverride | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }} {{- end }} {{/* Create a default fully qualified app name. */}} {{- define "my-app.fullname" -}} {{- if .Values.fullnameOverride }} {{- .Values.fullnameOverride | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }} {{- else }} {{- $name := default .Chart.Name .Values.nameOverride }} {{- if contains $name .Release.Name }} {{- .Release.Name | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }} {{- else }} {{- printf "%s-%s" .Release.Name $name | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }} {{- end }} {{- end }} {{- end }} {{/* Common labels */}} {{- define "my-app.labels" -}} helm.sh/chart: {{ include "my-app.chart" . }} {{ include "my-app.selectorLabels" . }} {{- if .Chart.AppVersion }} app.kubernetes.io/version: {{ .Chart.AppVersion | quote }} {{- end }} app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: {{ .Release.Service }} {{- end }} {{/* Selector labels */}} {{- define "my-app.selectorLabels" -}} app.kubernetes.io/name: {{ include "my-app.name" . }} app.kubernetes.io/instance: {{ .Release.Name }} {{- end }} ``` ### 6. Manage Dependencies **Add dependencies in Chart.yaml:** ```yaml dependencies: - name: postgresql version: "12.0.0" repository: "https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami" condition: postgresql.enabled ``` **Update dependencies:** ```bash helm dependency update helm dependency build ``` **Override dependency values:** ```yaml # values.yaml postgresql: enabled: true auth: database: myapp username: myapp password: changeme primary: persistence: enabled: true size: 10Gi ``` ### 7. Test and Validate **Validation commands:** ```bash # Lint the chart helm lint my-app/ # Dry-run installation helm install my-app ./my-app --dry-run --debug # Template rendering helm template my-app ./my-app # Template with values helm template my-app ./my-app -f values-prod.yaml # Show computed values helm show values ./my-app ``` **Validation script:** ```bash #!/bin/bash set -e echo "Linting chart..." helm lint . echo "Testing template rendering..." helm template test-release . --dry-run echo "Checking for required values..." helm template test-release . --validate echo "All validations passed!" ``` **Reference:** See `scripts/validate-chart.sh` ### 8. Package and Distribute **Package the chart:** ```bash helm package my-app/ # Creates: my-app-1.0.0.tgz ``` **Create chart repository:** ```bash # Create index helm repo index . # Upload to repository # AWS S3 example aws s3 sync . s3://my-helm-charts/ --exclude "*" --include "*.tgz" --include "index.yaml" ``` **Use the chart:** ```bash helm repo add my-repo https://charts.example.com helm repo update helm install my-app my-repo/my-app ``` ### 9. Multi-Environment Configuration **Environment-specific values files:** ``` my-app/ ├── values.yaml # Defaults ├── values-dev.yaml # Development ├── values-staging.yaml # Staging └── values-prod.yaml # Production ``` **values-prod.yaml:** ```yaml replicaCount: 5 image: tag: "2.1.0" resources: requests: memory: "512Mi" cpu: "500m" limits: memory: "1Gi" cpu: "1000m" autoscaling: enabled: true minReplicas: 3 maxReplicas: 20 ingress: enabled: true hosts: - host: app.example.com paths: - path: / pathType: Prefix postgresql: enabled: true primary: persistence: size: 100Gi ``` **Install with environment:** ```bash helm install my-app ./my-app -f values-prod.yaml --namespace production ``` ### 10. Implement Hooks and Tests **Pre-install hook:** ```yaml # templates/pre-install-job.yaml apiVersion: batch/v1 kind: Job metadata: name: {{ include "my-app.fullname" . }}-db-setup annotations: "helm.sh/hook": pre-install "helm.sh/hook-weight": "-5" "helm.sh/hook-delete-policy": hook-succeeded spec: template: spec: containers: - name: db-setup image: postgres:15 command: ["psql", "-c", "CREATE DATABASE myapp"] restartPolicy: Never ``` **Test connection:** ```yaml # templates/tests/test-connection.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: "{{ include "my-app.fullname" . }}-test-connection" annotations: "helm.sh/hook": test spec: containers: - name: wget image: busybox command: ['wget'] args: ['{{ include "my-app.fullname" . }}:{{ .Values.service.port }}'] restartPolicy: Never ``` **Run tests:** ```bash helm test my-app ``` ## Common Patterns ### Pattern 1: Conditional Resources ```yaml {{- if .Values.ingress.enabled }} apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1 kind: Ingress metadata: name: {{ include "my-app.fullname" . }} spec: # ... {{- end }} ``` ### Pattern 2: Iterating Over Lists ```yaml env: {{- range .Values.env }} - name: {{ .name }} value: {{ .value | quote }} {{- end }} ``` ### Pattern 3: Including Files ```yaml data: config.yaml: | {{- .Files.Get "config/application.yaml" | nindent 4 }} ``` ### Pattern 4: Global Values ```yaml global: imageRegistry: docker.io imagePullSecrets: - name: regcred # Use in templates: image: {{ .Values.global.imageRegistry }}/{{ .Values.image.repository }} ``` ## Best Practices 1. **Use semantic versioning** for chart and app versions 2. **Document all values** in values.yaml with comments 3. **Use template helpers** for repeated logic 4. **Validate charts** before packaging 5. **Pin dependency versions** explicitly 6. **Use conditions** for optional resources 7. **Follow naming conventions** (lowercase, hyphens) 8. **Include NOTES.txt** with usage instructions 9. **Add labels** consistently using helpers 10. **Test installations** in all environments ## Troubleshooting **Template rendering errors:** ```bash helm template my-app ./my-app --debug ``` **Dependency issues:** ```bash helm dependency update helm dependency list ``` **Installation failures:** ```bash helm install my-app ./my-app --dry-run --debug kubectl get events --sort-by='.lastTimestamp' ``` ## Reference Files - `assets/Chart.yaml.template` - Chart metadata template - `assets/values.yaml.template` - Values structure template - `scripts/validate-chart.sh` - Validation script - `references/chart-structure.md` - Detailed chart organization ## Related Skills - `k8s-manifest-generator` - For creating base Kubernetes manifests - `gitops-workflow` - For automated Helm chart deployments

# Kubernetes Manifest Generator Step-by-step guidance for creating production-ready Kubernetes manifests including Deployments, Services, ConfigMaps, Secrets, and PersistentVolumeClaims. ## Purpose This skill provides comprehensive guidance for generating well-structured, secure, and production-ready Kubernetes manifests following cloud-native best practices and Kubernetes conventions. ## When to Use This Skill Use this skill when you need to: - Create new Kubernetes Deployment manifests - Define Service resources for network connectivity - Generate ConfigMap and Secret resources for configuration management - Create PersistentVolumeClaim manifests for stateful workloads - Follow Kubernetes best practices and naming conventions - Implement resource limits, health checks, and security contexts - Design manifests for multi-environment deployments ## Step-by-Step Workflow ### 1. Gather Requirements **Understand the workload:** - Application type (stateless/stateful) - Container image and version - Environment variables and configuration needs - Storage requirements - Network exposure requirements (internal/external) - Resource requirements (CPU, memory) - Scaling requirements - Health check endpoints **Questions to ask:** - What is the application name and purpose? - What container image and tag will be used? - Does the application need persistent storage? - What ports does the application expose? - Are there any secrets or configuration files needed? - What are the CPU and memory requirements? - Does the application need to be exposed externally? ### 2. Create Deployment Manifest **Follow this structure:** ```yaml apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: <app-name> namespace: <namespace> labels: app: <app-name> version: <version> spec: replicas: 3 selector: matchLabels: app: <app-name> template: metadata: labels: app: <app-name> version: <version> spec: containers: - name: <container-name> image: <image>:<tag> ports: - containerPort: <port> name: http resources: requests: memory: "256Mi" cpu: "250m" limits: memory: "512Mi" cpu: "500m" livenessProbe: httpGet: path: /health port: http initialDelaySeconds: 30 periodSeconds: 10 readinessProbe: httpGet: path: /ready port: http initialDelaySeconds: 5 periodSeconds: 5 env: - name: ENV_VAR value: "value" envFrom: - configMapRef: name: <app-name>-config - secretRef: name: <app-name>-secret ``` **Best practices to apply:** - Always set resource requests and limits - Implement both liveness and readiness probes - Use specific image tags (never `:latest`) - Apply security context for non-root users - Use labels for organization and selection - Set appropriate replica count based on availability needs **Reference:** See `references/deployment-spec.md` for detailed deployment options ### 3. Create Service Manifest **Choose the appropriate Service type:** **ClusterIP (internal only):** ```yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: <app-name> namespace: <namespace> labels: app: <app-name> spec: type: ClusterIP selector: app: <app-name> ports: - name: http port: 80 targetPort: 8080 protocol: TCP ``` **LoadBalancer (external access):** ```yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: <app-name> namespace: <namespace> labels: app: <app-name> annotations: service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-type: nlb spec: type: LoadBalancer selector: app: <app-name> ports: - name: http port: 80 targetPort: 8080 protocol: TCP ``` **Reference:** See `references/service-spec.md` for service types and networking ### 4. Create ConfigMap **For application configuration:** ```yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: <app-name>-config namespace: <namespace> data: APP_MODE: production LOG_LEVEL: info DATABASE_HOST: db.example.com # For config files app.properties: | server.port=8080 server.host=0.0.0.0 logging.level=INFO ``` **Best practices:** - Use ConfigMaps for non-sensitive data only - Organize related configuration together - Use meaningful names for keys - Consider using one ConfigMap per component - Version ConfigMaps when making changes **Reference:** See `assets/configmap-template.yaml` for examples ### 5. Create Secret **For sensitive data:** ```yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: <app-name>-secret namespace: <namespace> type: Opaque stringData: DATABASE_PASSWORD: "changeme" API_KEY: "secret-api-key" # For certificate files tls.crt: | -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ... -----END CERTIFICATE----- tls.key: | -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- ... -----END PRIVATE KEY----- ``` **Security considerations:** - Never commit secrets to Git in plain text - Use Sealed Secrets, External Secrets Operator, or Vault - Rotate secrets regularly - Use RBAC to limit secret access - Consider using Secret type: `kubernetes.io/tls` for TLS secrets ### 6. Create PersistentVolumeClaim (if needed) **For stateful applications:** ```yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: <app-name>-data namespace: <namespace> spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce storageClassName: gp3 resources: requests: storage: 10Gi ``` **Mount in Deployment:** ```yaml spec: template: spec: containers: - name: app volumeMounts: - name: data mountPath: /var/lib/app volumes: - name: data persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: <app-name>-data ``` **Storage considerations:** - Choose appropriate StorageClass for performance needs - Use ReadWriteOnce for single-pod access - Use ReadWriteMany for multi-pod shared storage - Consider backup strategies - Set appropriate retention policies ### 7. Apply Security Best Practices **Add security context to Deployment:** ```yaml spec: template: spec: securityContext: runAsNonRoot: true runAsUser: 1000 fsGroup: 1000 seccompProfile: type: RuntimeDefault containers: - name: app securityContext: allowPrivilegeEscalation: false readOnlyRootFilesystem: true capabilities: drop: - ALL ``` **Security checklist:** - [ ] Run as non-root user - [ ] Drop all capabilities - [ ] Use read-only root filesystem - [ ] Disable privilege escalation - [ ] Set seccomp profile - [ ] Use Pod Security Standards ### 8. Add Labels and Annotations **Standard labels (recommended):** ```yaml metadata: labels: app.kubernetes.io/name: <app-name> app.kubernetes.io/instance: <instance-name> app.kubernetes.io/version: "1.0.0" app.kubernetes.io/component: backend app.kubernetes.io/part-of: <system-name> app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: kubectl ``` **Useful annotations:** ```yaml metadata: annotations: description: "Application description" contact: "team@example.com" prometheus.io/scrape: "true" prometheus.io/port: "9090" prometheus.io/path: "/metrics" ``` ### 9. Organize Multi-Resource Manifests **File organization options:** **Option 1: Single file with `---` separator** ```yaml # app-name.yaml --- apiVersion: v1 kind: ConfigMap ... --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret ... --- apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment ... --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Service ... ``` **Option 2: Separate files** ``` manifests/ ├── configmap.yaml ├── secret.yaml ├── deployment.yaml ├── service.yaml └── pvc.yaml ``` **Option 3: Kustomize structure** ``` base/ ├── kustomization.yaml ├── deployment.yaml ├── service.yaml └── configmap.yaml overlays/ ├── dev/ │ └── kustomization.yaml └── prod/ └── kustomization.yaml ``` ### 10. Validate and Test **Validation steps:** ```bash # Dry-run validation kubectl apply -f manifest.yaml --dry-run=client # Server-side validation kubectl apply -f manifest.yaml --dry-run=server # Validate with kubeval kubeval manifest.yaml # Validate with kube-score kube-score score manifest.yaml # Check with kube-linter kube-linter lint manifest.yaml ``` **Testing checklist:** - [ ] Manifest passes dry-run validation - [ ] All required fields are present - [ ] Resource limits are reasonable - [ ] Health checks are configured - [ ] Security context is set - [ ] Labels follow conventions - [ ] Namespace exists or is created ## Common Patterns ### Pattern 1: Simple Stateless Web Application **Use case:** Standard web API or microservice **Components needed:** - Deployment (3 replicas for HA) - ClusterIP Service - ConfigMap for configuration - Secret for API keys - HorizontalPodAutoscaler (optional) **Reference:** See `assets/deployment-template.yaml` ### Pattern 2: Stateful Database Application **Use case:** Database or persistent storage application **Components needed:** - StatefulSet (not Deployment) - Headless Service - PersistentVolumeClaim template - ConfigMap for DB configuration - Secret for credentials ### Pattern 3: Background Job or Cron **Use case:** Scheduled tasks or batch processing **Components needed:** - CronJob or Job - ConfigMap for job parameters - Secret for credentials - ServiceAccount with RBAC ### Pattern 4: Multi-Container Pod **Use case:** Application with sidecar containers **Components needed:** - Deployment with multiple containers - Shared volumes between containers - Init containers for setup - Service (if needed) ## Templates The following templates are available in the `assets/` directory: - `deployment-template.yaml` - Standard deployment with best practices - `service-template.yaml` - Service configurations (ClusterIP, LoadBalancer, NodePort) - `configmap-template.yaml` - ConfigMap examples with different data types - `secret-template.yaml` - Secret examples (to be generated, not committed) - `pvc-template.yaml` - PersistentVolumeClaim templates ## Reference Documentation - `references/deployment-spec.md` - Detailed Deployment specification - `references/service-spec.md` - Service types and networking details ## Best Practices Summary 1. **Always set resource requests and limits** - Prevents resource starvation 2. **Implement health checks** - Ensures Kubernetes can manage your application 3. **Use specific image tags** - Avoid unpredictable deployments 4. **Apply security contexts** - Run as non-root, drop capabilities 5. **Use ConfigMaps and Secrets** - Separate config from code 6. **Label everything** - Enables filtering and organization 7. **Follow naming conventions** - Use standard Kubernetes labels 8. **Validate before applying** - Use dry-run and validation tools 9. **Version your manifests** - Keep in Git with version control 10. **Document with annotations** - Add context for other developers ## Troubleshooting **Pods not starting:** - Check image pull errors: `kubectl describe pod <pod-name>` - Verify resource availability: `kubectl get nodes` - Check events: `kubectl get events --sort-by='.lastTimestamp'` **Service not accessible:** - Verify selector matches pod labels: `kubectl get endpoints <service-name>` - Check service type and port configuration - Test from within cluster: `kubectl run debug --rm -it --image=busybox -- sh` **ConfigMap/Secret not loading:** - Verify names match in Deployment - Check namespace - Ensure resources exist: `kubectl get configmap,secret` ## Next Steps After creating manifests: 1. Store in Git repository 2. Set up CI/CD pipeline for deployment 3. Consider using Helm or Kustomize for templating 4. Implement GitOps with ArgoCD or Flux 5. Add monitoring and observability ## Related Skills - `helm-chart-scaffolding` - For templating and packaging - `gitops-workflow` - For automated deployments - `k8s-security-policies` - For advanced security configurations

# ML Pipeline Workflow Complete end-to-end MLOps pipeline orchestration from data preparation through model deployment. ## Overview This skill provides comprehensive guidance for building production ML pipelines that handle the full lifecycle: data ingestion → preparation → training → validation → deployment → monitoring. ## When to Use This Skill - Building new ML pipelines from scratch - Designing workflow orchestration for ML systems - Implementing data → model → deployment automation - Setting up reproducible training workflows - Creating DAG-based ML orchestration - Integrating ML components into production systems ## What This Skill Provides ### Core Capabilities 1. **Pipeline Architecture** - End-to-end workflow design - DAG orchestration patterns (Airflow, Dagster, Kubeflow) - Component dependencies and data flow - Error handling and retry strategies 2. **Data Preparation** - Data validation and quality checks - Feature engineering pipelines - Data versioning and lineage - Train/validation/test splitting strategies 3. **Model Training** - Training job orchestration - Hyperparameter management - Experiment tracking integration - Distributed training patterns 4. **Model Validation** - Validation frameworks and metrics - A/B testing infrastructure - Performance regression detection - Model comparison workflows 5. **Deployment Automation** - Model serving patterns - Canary deployments - Blue-green deployment strategies - Rollback mechanisms ### Reference Documentation See the `references/` directory for detailed guides: - **data-preparation.md** - Data cleaning, validation, and feature engineering - **model-training.md** - Training workflows and best practices - **model-validation.md** - Validation strategies and metrics - **model-deployment.md** - Deployment patterns and serving architectures ### Assets and Templates The `assets/` directory contains: - **pipeline-dag.yaml.template** - DAG template for workflow orchestration - **training-config.yaml** - Training configuration template - **validation-checklist.md** - Pre-deployment validation checklist ## Usage Patterns ### Basic Pipeline Setup ```python # 1. Define pipeline stages stages = [ "data_ingestion", "data_validation", "feature_engineering", "model_training", "model_validation", "model_deployment" ] # 2. Configure dependencies # See assets/pipeline-dag.yaml.template for full example ``` ### Production Workflow 1. **Data Preparation Phase** - Ingest raw data from sources - Run data quality checks - Apply feature transformations - Version processed datasets 2. **Training Phase** - Load versioned training data - Execute training jobs - Track experiments and metrics - Save trained models 3. **Validation Phase** - Run validation test suite - Compare against baseline - Generate performance reports - Approve for deployment 4. **Deployment Phase** - Package model artifacts - Deploy to serving infrastructure - Configure monitoring - Validate production traffic ## Best Practices ### Pipeline Design - **Modularity**: Each stage should be independently testable - **Idempotency**: Re-running stages should be safe - **Observability**: Log metrics at every stage - **Versioning**: Track data, code, and model versions - **Failure Handling**: Implement retry logic and alerting ### Data Management - Use data validation libraries (Great Expectations, TFX) - Version datasets with DVC or similar tools - Document feature engineering transformations - Maintain data lineage tracking ### Model Operations - Separate training and serving infrastructure - Use model registries (MLflow, Weights & Biases) - Implement gradual rollouts for new models - Monitor model performance drift - Maintain rollback capabilities ### Deployment Strategies - Start with shadow deployments - Use canary releases for validation - Implement A/B testing infrastructure - Set up automated rollback triggers - Monitor latency and throughput ## Integration Points ### Orchestration Tools - **Apache Airflow**: DAG-based workflow orchestration - **Dagster**: Asset-based pipeline orchestration - **Kubeflow Pipelines**: Kubernetes-native ML workflows - **Prefect**: Modern dataflow automation ### Experiment Tracking - MLflow for experiment tracking and model registry - Weights & Biases for visualization and collaboration - TensorBoard for training metrics ### Deployment Platforms - AWS SageMaker for managed ML infrastructure - Google Vertex AI for GCP deployments - Azure ML for Azure cloud - Kubernetes + KServe for cloud-agnostic serving ## Progressive Disclosure Start with the basics and gradually add complexity: 1. **Level 1**: Simple linear pipeline (data → train → deploy) 2. **Level 2**: Add validation and monitoring stages 3. **Level 3**: Implement hyperparameter tuning 4. **Level 4**: Add A/B testing and gradual rollouts 5. **Level 5**: Multi-model pipelines with ensemble strategies ## Common Patterns ### Batch Training Pipeline ```yaml # See assets/pipeline-dag.yaml.template stages: - name: data_preparation dependencies: [] - name: model_training dependencies: [data_preparation] - name: model_evaluation dependencies: [model_training] - name: model_deployment dependencies: [model_evaluation] ``` ### Real-time Feature Pipeline ```python # Stream processing for real-time features # Combined with batch training # See references/data-preparation.md ``` ### Continuous Training ```python # Automated retraining on schedule # Triggered by data drift detection # See references/model-training.md ``` ## Troubleshooting ### Common Issues - **Pipeline failures**: Check dependencies and data availability - **Training instability**: Review hyperparameters and data quality - **Deployment issues**: Validate model artifacts and serving config - **Performance degradation**: Monitor data drift and model metrics ### Debugging Steps 1. Check pipeline logs for each stage 2. Validate input/output data at boundaries 3. Test components in isolation 4. Review experiment tracking metrics 5. Inspect model artifacts and metadata ## Next Steps After setting up your pipeline: 1. Explore **hyperparameter-tuning** skill for optimization 2. Learn **experiment-tracking-setup** for MLflow/W&B 3. Review **model-deployment-patterns** for serving strategies 4. Implement monitoring with observability tools ## Related Skills - **experiment-tracking-setup**: MLflow and Weights & Biases integration - **hyperparameter-tuning**: Automated hyperparameter optimization - **model-deployment-patterns**: Advanced deployment strategies